Smart card based authentication schemes are used in various fields like e-banking, e-commerce, wireless sensor networks, medical system and so on to authenticate the both remote user and the application server during the communication via internet. Recently, Karuppiah and Saravanan proposed an authentication scheme which is based on password and one-way cryptographic hash function. They have used a secure identity mechanism i.e., users' and server's identity are not public. Thus, the user and the server do not send their identity directly to each other during communications. In this paper, we have found out that their scheme does not overcome the reply attack and also there is a fault in the login phase, which makes their scheme is not perfect for practical use.
In 2010, Grigoriev and Shpilrain, introduced some graph-based authentication schemes. We present a cryptanalysis of some of these protocols, and introduce some new schemes to fix the problems.
Remote user authentication is desirable for a Telecare medicine information system (TMIS) to verify the correctness of remote users and server over the insecure channel. We propose an authentication scheme for TMIS.
Remote user authentication is critical requirement in Telecare Medicine Information System (TMIS) to protect the patient personal details, security and integrity of the critical medical records of the patient as the patient data is transmitted over insecure public communication channel called Internet. In 2013, Yan proposed a biometric based remote user authentication scheme and claimed that his scheme is secure. Recently, Dheerendra et al. demonstrated some drawbacks in Yan et al scheme and proposed an improved scheme to erase the drawbacks of Yan et al scheme. We analyze Dheerendra et al sch…
Song \cite{Song10} proposed very recently a password-based authentication and key establishment protocol using smart cards which attempts to solve some weaknesses found in a previous scheme suggested by Xu, Zhu, and Feng \cite{XZF09}. In this paper, we present attacks on the improved protocol, showing that it fails to achieve the claimed security goals.
Dynamic ID-based remote user authentication schemes ensure efficient and anonymous mutual authentication between entities. In 2013, Khan et al. proposed an improved dynamic ID-based authentication scheme to overcome the security flaws of Wang et al.'s authentication scheme. Recently, Sun and Cao showed that Khan et al. does not satisfies the claim of the user's privacy and proposed an efficient authentication scheme with user anonymity. The Sun and Cao's scheme achieve improvement over Khan et al.'s scheme in both privacy and performance point of view. Unfortunately, we identify that Sun and C…
Telecare medical information systems (TMIS) aim to provide healthcare services remotely. Efficient and secure mechanism for authentication and key agreement is required in order to guarantee the security and privacy of patients in TMIS.
Remote user authentication is desirable for a Telecare medicine information system (TMIS) to verify the correctness of remote users. In 2013, Jiang et al. proposed privacy preserving authentication scheme for TMIS. Recently, Wu and Xu analyzed Jiang's scheme and identify serious security flaws in their scheme, namely, user impersonation attack, DoS attack and off-line password guessing attack. In this article, we analyze Wu and Xu's scheme and show that their scheme is also vulnerable to off-line password guessing attack and does not protect user anonymity. Moreover, we identify the inefficien…
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is appearing as a favorite technology for automated identification, which can be widely applied to many applications such as e-passport, supply chain management and ticketing. However, researchers have found many security and privacy problems along RFID technology. In recent years, many researchers are interested in RFID authentication protocols and their security flaws. In this paper, we analyze two of the newest RFID authentication protocols which proposed by Fu et al. and Li et al. from several security viewpoints. We present different attacks such as d…
In this paper we present the first practical attack on the shifted conjugacy-based authentication protocol proposed by P. Dehornoy. We discuss the weaknesses of that primitive and propose ways to improve the protocol.
In this paper, we analyze four authentication protocols of Bindu et al., Goriparthi et al., Wang et al. and Hölbl et al.. After investigation, we reveal several weaknesses of these schemes. First, Bindu et al.'s protocol suffers from an insider impersonation attack if a malicious user obtains a lost smart card. Second, both Goriparthi et al.'s and Wang et al.'s protocols cannot withstand a DoS attack in the password change phase, i.e. an attacker can involve the phase to make user's password never be used in subsequent authentications. Third, Hölbl et al.'s protocol is vulnerable to an insider…
In 2005, Yang, Wang, and Chang proposed an improved timestamp-based password authentication scheme in an attempt to overcome the flaws of Yang-Shieh_s legendary timestamp-based remote authentication scheme using smart cards. After analyzing the improved scheme proposed by Yang-Wang-Chang, we have found that their scheme is still insecure and vulnerable to four types of forgery attacks. Hence, in this paper, we prove that, their claim that their scheme is intractable is incorrect. Also, we show that even an attack based on Sun et al._s attack could be launched against their scheme which they cl…
Telecare medical information systems are gaining rapid popularity in terms of providing the delivery of online health-related services such as online remote health profile access for patients and doctors. Due to being installed entirely on Internet, these systems are exposed to various security and privacy threats. Hence, establishing a secure key agreement and authentication process between the patients and the medical servers is an important challenge. Recently, Khatoon et.al proposed an ECC-based unlink-able authentication and key agreement method for healthcare related application in smart…
Recently, Li et al. proposed a secure biometric-based remote user authentication scheme using smart cards to withstand the security flaws of Li-Hwang's efficient biometric-based remote user authentication scheme using smart cards. Li et al.'s scheme is based on biometrics verification, smart card and one-way hash function, and it also uses the random nonce rather than a synchronized clock, and thus it is efficient in computational cost and more secure than Li-Hwang's scheme. Unfortunately, in this paper we show that Li et al.'s scheme still has some security weaknesses in their design. In orde…
Widespread attention is recently paid upon RFID system structure considering its ease of deployment over an extensive range of applications. Due to its several advantages, many technical articles are published to improve its capabilities over specific system implementations. Recently, a lightweight anti-de-synchronization RFID authentication protocol and a lightweight binding proof protocol to guard patient safety are proposed. This contribution provides enough evidence to prove the first introduced protocol vulnerability to de-synchronization attack. It also provides the other protocol's suff…
In this work we present the first passive attack over the SASI lightweight authentication protocol with modular rotations. This can be used to fully recover the secret $ID$ of the RFID tag, which is the value the protocol is designed to conceal. The attack is described initially for recovering $\lfloor log_2(96) \rfloor=6$ bits of the secret value $ID$, a result that by itself allows to mount traceability attacks on any given tag. However, the proposed scheme can be extended to obtain any amount of bits of the secret $ID$, provided a sufficiently large number of successful consecutive sessions…
In 2004, Das, Saxena and Gulati proposed a dynamic ID-based remote user authentication scheme which has many advantage such as no verifier table, user freedom to choose and change password and so on. However the subsequent papers have shown that this scheme is completely insecure and vulnerable to many attacks. Since then many schemes with improvements to Das et al's scheme has been proposed but each has its pros and cons. Recently Yan-yan Wang et al. have proposed a scheme to overcome security weaknesses of Das et al.'s scheme. However this scheme too is vulnerable to various security attacks…
The smart card based authentication protocols try to ensure secure and authorized communication between remote entities. In 2012, Wei et al. presented an improvement of Wu et al.'s two-factor authentication scheme for TMIS which is proven vulnerable to off-line password guessing attack by Zhu. Zhu also proposed a modified scheme to overcome with weakness of Wei et al.'s scheme, although Lee and Liu showed the failure of his scheme to resist parallel session attacks. Moreover, Lee and Liu introduced an improved scheme. We analyze Wei et al.'s, Zhu's and Lee and Liu's schemes and identify that n…
Continuous authentication has been proposed as a complementary security mechanism to password-based authentication for computer devices that are handled directly by humans, such as smart phones. Continuous authentication has some privacy issues as certain user features and actions are revealed to the authentication server, which is not assumed to be trusted. Wei et al. proposed in 2021 a privacy-preserving protocol for behavioral authentication that utilizes homomorphic encryption. The encryption prevents the server from obtaining sampled user features. In this paper, we show that the Wei et a…
With the rapid advancement of wireless network technology, usage of WSN in real time applications like military, forest monitoring etc. found increasing. Generally WSN operate in an unattended environment and handles critical data. Authenticating the user trying to access the sensor memory is one of the critical requirements. Many researchers have proposed remote user authentication schemes focusing on various parameters. In 2013, Li et al. proposed a temporal-credential-based mutual authentication and key agreement scheme for WSNs. Li et al. claimed that their scheme is secure against all maj…
Recently, Alomair et al. proposed the first UnConditionally Secure mutual authentication protocol for low-cost RFID systems(UCS-RFID). The security of the UCS-RFID relies on five dynamic secret keys which are updated at every protocol run using a fresh random number (nonce) secretly transmitted from a reader to tags. Our results show that, at the highest security level of the protocol (security parameter= 256), inferring a nonce is feasible with the probability of 0.99 by eavesdropping(observing) about 90 runs of the protocol. Finding a nonce enable a passive attacker to recover all five secre…
The Telecare medicine information system (TMIS) is developed to provide Telecare services to the remote user. A user can access remote medical servers using internet without moving from his place. Although remote user and server exchange their messages/data via public networks. An adversary is considered to be enough powerful that he may have full control over the public network. This makes these Telecare services vulnerable to attacks. To ensure secure communication between the user and server many password based authentication schemes have been proposed. In 2013, Hao et al. presented chaotic…
Recently, Yan et al. proposed a quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) protocol with authentication using single photons and Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs (Yan et al., CMC-Computers, Materials \& Continua, 63(3), 2020). In this work, we show that the QSDC protocol is not secure against intercept-and-resend attack and impersonation attack. An eavesdropper can get the full secret message by applying these attacks. We propose a modification of this protocol, which defeats the above attacks along with all the familiar attacks.
By expanding the connection of objects to the Internet and their entry to human life, the issue of security and privacy has become important. In order to enhance security and privacy on the Internet, many security protocols have been developed. Unfortunately, the security analyzes that have been carried out on these protocols show that they are vulnerable to one or few attacks, which eliminates the use of these protocols. Therefore, the need for a security protocol on the Internet of Things (IoT) has not yet been resolved. Recently, Khor and Sidorov cryptanalyzed the Wang et al. protocol and p…
We analyze the Sibert et al. group-based (Feige-Fiat-Shamir type) authentication protocol and show that the protocol is not computationally zero-knowledge. In addition, we provide experimental evidence that our approach is practical and can succeed even for groups with no efficiently computable length function such as braid groups. The novelty of this work is that we are not attacking the protocol by trying to solve an underlying complex algebraic problem, namely, the conjugacy search problem, but use a probabilistic approach, instead.
Advancement in communication technology provides a scalable platform for various services where a remote user can access the server from anywhere without moving from its place. It has provided a unique opportunity for online services, such that the user need not physically present at the service center. These services adopt authentication and key agreement protocols to ensure authorized and secure access to resources. Most of the authentication schemes support single server environment where the user has to register with each server. If a user wishes to access multiple application servers, he …
RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) is a powerful technology that, due to its numerous advantages, is supposed to replace the various identification systems such as barcodes or magnetic stripes in a short time. There are three devices involved in an RFID protocol: a Reader, a Tag, and a back-end Database. One of the key factors for the RFID technology is that, in order to be used on large scale, the price of the Tags has to be cheap: it cannot be expensive because who is supposed to use it would need a great amount of them, furthermore, Tags must have very small dimensions. The low-cost natu…
In this paper, we study the security requirements for remote authentication with password protected smart card. In recent years, several protocols for password-based authenticated key exchange have been proposed. These protocols are used for the protection of password based authentication between a client and a remote server. In this paper, we will focus on the password based authentication between a smart card owner and smart card via an untrusted card reader. In a typical scenario, a smart card owner inserts the smart card into an untrusted card reader and input the password via the card rea…
Since 1981, when Lamport introduced the remote user authentication scheme using table, a plenty of schemes had been proposed with table and without table using. In 1993, Chang and Wu [5] introduced Remote password authentication scheme with smart cards. A number of remote authentication schemes with smart cards have been proposed since then. These schemes allow a valid user to login a remote server and access the services provided by the remote server. But still there is no scheme to authenticate the remote proxy user. In this paper we propose firstly, a protocol to authenticate a proxy user r…
Yoon et al. proposed a new efficient remote user authentication scheme using smart cards to solve the security problems of W. C. Ku and S. M. Chen scheme. This paper reviews Yoon et al. scheme and then proves that the password change phase of Yoon et al. scheme is still insecure. This paper also proves that the Yoon et al. is still vulnerable to parallel session attack.
Password security can no longer provide enough security in the area of remote user authentication. Considering this security drawback, researchers are trying to find solution with multifactor remote user authentication system. Recently, three factor remote user authentication using biometric and smart card has drawn a considerable attention of the researchers. However, most of the current proposed schemes have security flaws. They are vulnerable to attacks like user impersonation attack, server masquerading attack, password guessing attack, insider attack, denial of service attack, forgery att…
Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a technology that employs basic identifier of an object embedded in a chip, transmitted via radio wave, for identification. An RFID Card responds to query or interrogation irrespective of "Who" holds the Card; like a key to a door. Since an attacker can possess the card, access to such object can therefore be easily compromised. This security breach is classified as an unauthorized use of Card, and it forms the bedrock for RFID Card compromise especially in access control. As an on-card authentication mechanism, this research proposed a concept termed B…
The paper presents an authentication scheme for remote systems using smart card. The scheme prevents the scenario of many logged in users with the same login identity, and does not require password/verifier table to validate the users' login request. The scheme provides a user-friendly password change option, and withstands the replay, impersonation, stolen-verifier, guessing, and denial-of-service attacks.
In 2000, Hwang and Li proposed a new remote user authentication scheme using smart cards. In the same year, Chan and Cheng pointed out that Hwang and Li’s scheme is not secure against the masquerade attack. Further, in 2003, Shen, Lin and Hwang pointed out a different type of attack on Hwang and Li’s scheme and presented a modified scheme to remove its security pitfalls. This paper presents an improved scheme which is secure against Chan-Cheng and all the extended attacks.
In this paper, we use the ten security requirements proposed by Liao et al. for a smart card based authentication protocol to examine five recent work in this area. After analyses, we found that the protocols of Juang et al.'s , Hsiang et al.'s, Kim et al.'s, and Li et al.'s all suffer from offline password guessing attack if the smart card is lost, and the protocol of Xu et al.'s is subjected to an insider impersonation attack.
Security and Privacy concerns in Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology particularly RFID Card, is a wide research area which have attracted researchers for over a decade. Authenticating users at the Card end of the RFID technology constitutes one of the major sources of attacks on the system. In this research, we studied the various known attacks and mitigation available. We proposed a conceptual framework that that can be used to mitigate the unauthorized use of RFID Card. This concept will mitigate the single point of the RFID card failure: unauthorized use.
Cancelable biometric schemes generate secure biometric templates by combining user specific tokens and biometric data. The main objective is to create irreversible, unlinkable, and revocable templates, with high accuracy in matching. In this paper, we cryptanalyze two recent cancelable biometric schemes based on a particular locality sensitive hashing function, index-of-max (IoM): Gaussian Random Projection-IoM (GRP-IoM) and Uniformly Random Permutation-IoM (URP-IoM). As originally proposed, these schemes were claimed to be resistant against reversibility, authentication, and linkability attac…
The smart card based authentication schemes are designed and developed to ensure secure and authorized communication between remote user and the server. In recent times, many smart card based authentication schemes for the telecare medical information systems (TMIS) have been presented. In this article, we briefly discuss some of the recently published smart card based authentication schemes for TMIS and try to show why efficient login and password change phases are required. In other word, the study demonstrates how inefficient password change phase leads to denial of server attack and how in…
In 2000, Hwang and Li proposed a remote user authentication scheme using smart cards to solve the problems of Lamport scheme. Later, Chan- Chang, Shen- Lin- Hwang and then Chang-Hwang pointed out some attacks on Hwang – Li’s scheme. In 2003, Shen, Lin and Hwang also proposed a modified scheme to remove these attacks. In the same year, Leung-Cheng-Fong-Chan showed that modified scheme proposed by Shen-Lin-Hwang is still insecure. In 2004, Awasthi and Lal enhanced Shen-Lin-Hwang’s scheme to overcome its security pitfalls. This paper analyses that the user U/smart card does not …
The session initiation protocol (SIP) is a powerful signaling protocol that controls communication on the Internet, establishing, maintaining, and terminating the sessions. The services that are enabled by SIP are equally applicable in the world of mobile and ubiquitous computing. In 2009, Tsai proposed an authenticated key agreement scheme as an enhancement to SIP. Very recently, Arshad et al. demonstrated that Tsai's scheme was vulnerable to offline password guessing attack and stolen-verifier attack. They also pointed that Tsai's scheme did not provide known-key secrecy and perfect forward …
In this paper we proposed an authentication technique based on the user cards, to improve the authentication process in systems that allows remote access for the users, and raise the security rate during an exchange of their messages. in this technique the server performs two functions, the first function, register the users, and give him user ID, PIN code, and user private card contains secrecy information, which is used to encrypt user messages by using two kinds of encryption symmetric using RC4-Pr and asymmetric using RSA encryption., the second function, distribute the user's public card …
This paper proposes a novel remote user authentication scheme using smart cards which allows both the authentication server (AS) and the user to verify authenticity of each other. Our scheme is efficient enough to resist the known attacks that could be launched against remote user authentication process.
Cryptography protects users by providing functionality for the encryption of data and authentication of other users. This technology lets the receiver of an electronic message verify the sender, ensures that a message can be read only by the intended person, and assures the recipient that a message has not be altered in transit. Classical cryptanalysis involves an interesting combination of analytical reasoning, application of mathematical tools and pattern finding. The objectives of the proposed work are to propose a new cryptographic method based on the special matrix called the Hilbert matr…
Password-based authentication schemes are the most widely used techniques for remote user authentication. Many static ID-based remote user authentication schemes both with and without smart cards have been proposed. Most of the schemes do not allow the users to choose and change their passwords, and maintain a verifier table to verify the validity of the user login. In this paper we present a dynamic ID-based remote user authentication scheme using smart cards. Our scheme allows the users to choose and change their passwords freely, and do not maintain any verifier table. The scheme is secure …
Nowadays, mobile banking becomes a popular tool which consumers can conduct financial transactions such as shopping, monitoring accounts balance, transferring funds and other payments. Consumers dependency on mobile needs, make people take a little bit more interest in mobile banking. The use of the one-time password which is sent to the user mobile phone by short message service (SMS) is a vulnerability which we want to solve with proposing a new scheme called S-Mbank. We replace the authentication using the one-time password with the contactless smart card to prevent attackers to use the une…
Due to the rapid increase of digitization within our society, digital identities gain more and more importance. Provided by the German eID solution, every citizen has the ability to identify himself against various governmental and private organizations with the help of his personal electronic ID card and a corresponding card reader. While there are several solutions available for desktop use of the eID infrastructure, mobile approaches have to be payed more attention. In this paper we present a new approach for using the German eID concept on an Android device without the need of the actual i…
With the recent proliferation of distributed systems and networking, remote authentication has become a crucial task in many networking applications. Various schemes have been proposed so far for the two-party remote authentication; however, some of them have been proved to be insecure. In this paper, we propose an efficient timestamp-based password authentication scheme using smart cards. We show various types of forgery attacks against a previously proposed timestamp-based password authentication scheme and improve that scheme to ensure robust security for the remote authentication process, …
This paper presents the verified methodology for wireless authentication system using infrared barcode based scanner. An alternate approach of scanning a barcode using an infrared communication is implemented here, comprises of a card on which a barcode is printed is illuminated with an infrared beam. The reflections from the card are received by an infrared receiver and transmit them to a remote machine over wireless channel where the retrieve information is further processed and converted into the corresponding barcode digits which are further matched against the database stored in the serve…
In 2002, Chien–Jan–Tseng introduced an efficient remote user authentication scheme using smart cards. Further, in 2004, W. C. Ku and S. M. Chen proposed an efficient remote user authentication scheme using smart cards to solve the security problems of Chien et al.’s scheme. Recently, Hsu and Yoon et al. pointed out the security weakness of the Ku and Chen’s scheme Furthermore, Yoon et al. modified the password change phase of Ku and Chen’s scheme and they also proposed a new efficient remote user authentication scheme using smart cards. This paper analyzes that th…
With the rapid development of internet technologies, social networks, and other related areas, user authentication becomes more and more important to protect the data of users. Password authentication is one of the widely used methods to achieve authentication for legal users and defense against intruders. There have been many password-cracking methods developed during the past years, and people have been designing countermeasures against password cracking all the time. However, we find that the survey work on password cracking research has not been done very much. This paper is mainly to give…
Recently, Liaw et al. proposed a remote user authentication scheme using smart cards. Their scheme has claimed a number of features e.g. mutual authentication, no clock synchronization, no verifier table, flexible user password change, etc. We show that Liaw et al.'s scheme is completely insecure. By intercepting a valid login message in Liaw et al.'s scheme, any unregistered user or adversary can easily login to the remote system and establish a session key.
Recently, Li et al. analyzed Lee et al.'s multi-server authentication scheme and proposed a novel smart card and dynamic ID based remote user authentication scheme for multi-server environments. They claimed that their scheme can resist several kinds of attacks. However, through careful analysis, we find that Li et al.'s scheme is vulnerable to stolen smart card and offline dictionary attack, replay attack, impersonation attack and server spoofing attack. By analyzing other similar schemes, we find that the certain type of dynamic ID based multi-server authentication scheme in which only hash …
A smart-card-based user authentication scheme for wireless sensor networks (hereafter referred to as a SCA-WSN scheme) is designed to ensure that only users who possess both a smart card and the corresponding password are allowed to gain access to sensor data and their transmissions. Despite many research efforts in recent years, it remains a challenging task to design an efficient SCA-WSN scheme that achieves user anonymity. The majority of published SCA-WSN schemes use only lightweight cryptographic techniques (rather than public-key cryptographic techniques) for the sake of efficiency, and …
With the rapid advancement in technology, smart homes have become applicable and so the need arise to solve the security challenges that are accompanied with its operation. Passwords and identity cards have been used as traditional authentication mechanisms in home environments, however, the rise of misuse of these mechanisms are proving them to be less reliable. For instance, ID cards can be misplaced, copied or counterfeited and being misused. Conversely, studies have shown that biometrics authentication systems particularly Iris Recognition Technology (IRT) and Fingerprint Recognition Techn…
Background. 3-D Secure 2.0 (3DS 2.0) is an identity federation protocol authenticating the payment initiator for credit card transactions on the Web. Aim. We aim to quantify the impact of factors used by 3DS 2.0 in its fraud-detection decision making process. Method. We ran credit card transactions with two Web sites systematically manipulating the nominal IVs \textsf{machine\_data}, \textsf{value}, \textsf{region}, and \textsf{website}. We measured whether the user was \textsf{challenged} with an authentication, whether the transaction was \textsf{declined}, and whether the card was \textsf{b…
