This paper presents a new framework for asynchrony. This has its origins in our attempts to better harness the internal decision making process of cellular automata (CA). Thus, we show that a max-plus algebraic model of asynchrony arises naturally from the CA requirement that a cell receives the state of each neighbour before updating. The significant result is the existence of a bijective mapping between the asynchronous system and the synchronous system classically used to update cellular automata. Consequently, although the CA outputs look qualitatively different, when surveyed on "contours" of real time, the asynchronous CA replicates the synchronous CA. Moreover, this type of asynchrony is simple - it is characterised by the underlying network structure of the cells, and long-term behaviour is deterministic and periodic due to the linearity of max-plus algebra. The findings lead us to proffer max-plus algebra as: (i) a more accurate and efficient underlying timing mechanism for models of patterns seen in nature, and (ii) a foundation for promising extensions and applications.
We extend the usual definition of cellular automaton on a group in order to deal with a new kind of cellular automata, like cellular automata in the hyperbolic plane and we explore some properties of these cellular automata. This definition also allows to deal with maps, intuitively considered as cellular automata, even if they did not match the usual definition, like the Margolus billiard-ball. One of the main results is an extension of Hedlund's theorem for these cellular automata.
We define the class of rapidly left expansive cellular automata, which contains fractional multiplication automata, Wolfram's Rule 30, and many others. The definition has been shaped by a proposition of Jen on aperiodicity of columns in space-time diagrams of certain cellular automata, which generalizes to this new class. We also present results that originate from the theory of distribution modulo 1.
This investigation studies the ergodic properties of reversible linear cellular automata over $\mathbb{Z}_m$ for $m \in \mathbb{N}$. We show that a reversible linear cellular automaton is either a Bernoulli automorphism or non-ergodic. This gives an affirmative answer to an open problem proposed in [Pivato, Ergodc theory of cellular automata, Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science, 2009, pp.~2980-3015] for the case of reversible linear cellular automata.
Defining the density flow of perturbations moving at a given speed for cellular automata, we establish equalities and inequalities between the measurable entropy of a cellular automaton and the measurable entropy of its associated shift.
We are interested in topological and ergodic properties of one dimensional cellular automata. We show that an ergodic cellular automaton cannot have irrational eigenvalues. We show that any cellular automaton with an equicontinuous factor has also as a factor an equicontinuous cellular automaton. We show also that a cellular automaton with almost equicontinuous points according to Gilman's classification has an equicontinuous measurable factor which is a cellular automaton. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification.: 37B15, 54H20, 37A30. Key words and phrases. Cellular Automata, Dynamical system…
While one-dimensional cellular automata have been well studied, there are relatively few results about multidimensional cellular automata; the investigation of cellular automata defined on Cayley trees constitutes an intermediate class. This paper studies the reversibility of linear cellular automata defined on Cayley trees with periodic boundary condition, where the local rule is given by $f(x_0, x_1, \ldots, x_d) = b x_0 + c_1 x_1 + \cdots + c_d x_d \pmod{m}$ for some integers $m, d \geq 2$. The reversibility problem relates to solving a polynomial derived from a recurrence relation, and an …
Given a new definition for the entropy of a cellular automata acting on a two-dimensional space, we propose an inequality between the entropy of the shift on a two-dimensional lattice and some angular analog of Lyapunov exponents.
We show that an almost expansive cellular automaton according to Gilman's classification cannot have irrational eigenvalues. This completes the proof that any surjective cellular automaton cannot have irrational eigenvalues for the uniform measure.
In this paper, we investigate some ergodic properties of $Z^{2}$-actions $T_{p,n}$ generated by an additive cellular automata and shift acting on the space of all doubly -infinitive sequences taking values in $Z_{m}$.
Cellular automata, CA for short are continuous maps defined on the set of configurations over a finite alphabet A that commutes with the shift. They are characterized by the existence of local function which determine by local behavior the image of an element of the configurations space. We will study periodic factors of cellular automata. We classify periodic factors according to their periods. We show that for a surjective cellular automaton with equicontinuity points but without being equicontinuous there is an infinity of classes of equivalence of periodic factors
Cellular automata are topological dynamical systems. We consider the problem of deciding whether two cellular automata are conjugate or not. We also consider deciding strong conjugacy, that is, conjugacy by a map that commutes with the shift maps. We show that the following two sets of pairs of one-dimensional one-sided cellular automata are recursively inseparable: (i) pairs where the first cellular automaton has strictly higher entropy than the second one, and (ii) pairs that are strongly conjugate and both have zero topological entropies. This implies that the following decision problems ar…
We consider the problem of embedding odometers in one-dimensional cellular automata. We show that (1) every odometer can be be embedded in a gliders with reflecting walls cellular automaton, which one depending on the odometer, and (2) an odometer can be embedded in a cellular automaton, which is a group endomorphism on an n-letter group, and where n depends on the odometer, if and only if the odometer is "finitary."
We develop a rather elaborate computer program to investigate the jointly periodic points of one-dimensional cellular automata. The experimental results and mathematical context lead to questions, conjectures and a contextual theorem.
We investigate the mean dimension of a cellular automaton (CA for short) with a compact non-discrete space of states. A formula for the mean dimension is established for (near) strongly permutative, permutative algebraic and unit one-dimensional automata. In higher dimensions, a CA permutative algebraic or having a spaceship has infinite mean dimension. However, building on Meyerovitch's example, we give an example of algebraic surjective cellular automaton with positive finite mean dimension.
We study implications of expansiveness and pointwise periodicity for certain groups and semigroups of transformations. Among other things we prove that every pointwise periodic finitely generated group of cellular automata is necessarily finite. We also prove that a subshift over any finitely generated group that consists of finite orbits is finite, and related results for tilings of Euclidean space.
Following ideas developed by Misha Gromov, we investigate surjunctivity and reversibility properties of cellular automata defined over certain concrete categories.
We study the class of asynchronous non-uniform cellular automata (ANUCA) over an arbitrary group universe with multiple local transition rules. We introduce the notion of stable injectivity, stable reversibility, stable post-surjectivity and investigate several dynamical properties of such automata. In particular, we establish the equivalence between reversibility, stable reversibility, and stable injectivity for ANUCA. We also prove the invertibility of several classes of injective and stably injective ANUCA. Counter-examples are given to highlight the differences between cellular automata an…
Following work by Hochman and Meyerovitch on multidimensional SFT, we give computability-theoretic characterizations of the real numbers that can appear as the topological entropies of one-dimensional and two-dimensional cellular automata.
We study the problem of sequentializing a cellular automaton without introducing any intermediate states, and only performing reversible permutations on the tape. We give a decidable characterization of cellular automata which can be written as a single left-to-right sweep of a bijective rule from left to right over an infinite tape.
We study cellular automata with respect to a new communication complexity problem: each of two players know half of some finite word, and must be able to tell whether the state of the central cell will follow a given evolution, by communicating as little as possible between each other. We present some links with classical dynamical concepts, especially equicontinuity, expansiveness, entropy and give the asymptotic communication complexity of most elementary cellular automata.
In this paper we present two interesting properties of stochastic cellular automata that can be helpful in analyzing the dynamical behavior of such automata. The first property allows for calculating cell-wise probability distributions over the state set of a stochastic cellular automaton, i.e. images that show the average state of each cell during the evolution of the stochastic cellular automaton. The second property shows that stochastic cellular automata are equivalent to so-called stochastic mixtures of deterministic cellular automata. Based on this property, any stochastic cellular autom…
We study the generic limit sets of one-dimensional cellular automata, which intuitively capture their asymptotic dynamics while discarding transient phenomena. As our main results, we characterize the automata whose generic limit set is a singleton, and show that this class is $Σ^0_2$-complete. We also prove that given a CA whose generic limit set is guaranteed to be a singleton, the sole configuration it contains cannot be algorithmically determined.
We introduce the entropy rate of multidimensional cellular automata. This number is invariant under shift-commuting isomorphisms; as opposed to the entropy of such CA, it is always finite. The invariance property and the finiteness of the entropy rate result from basic results about the entropy of partitions of multidimensional cellular automata. We prove several results that show that entropy rate of 2-dimensional automata preserve similar properties of the entropy of one dimensional cellular automata. In particular we establish an inequality which involves the entropy rate, the radius of the…
We prove that a group $G$ is locally finite if and only if every surjective real (or complex) linear cellular automaton with finite-dimensional alphabet over $G$ is injective.
We investigate topological and ergodic properties of cellular automata having equicontinuity points. In this class surjectivity on a transitive SFT implies existence of a dense set of periodic points. Our main result is that under the action of such an automaton any shift ergodic measure converges in Cesaro Mean.
In this paper we consider cellular automata $(\mathfrak{G},Φ)$ with algebraic local rules and such that $\mathfrak{G}$ is a topological Markov chain which has a structure compatible to this local rule. We characterize such cellular automata and study the convergence of the Cesàro mean distribution of the iterates of any probability measure with complete connections and summable decay.
We investigate some general properties of algebraic cellular automata, i.e., cellular automata over groups whose alphabets are affine algebraic sets and which are locally defined by regular maps. When the ground field is assumed to be uncountable and algebraically closed, we prove that such cellular automata always have a closed image with respect to the prodiscrete topology on the space of configurations and that they are reversible as soon as they are bijective.
This note is a survey of examples and results about cellular automata with the purpose of recalling that there is no 'universal' way of being computationally universal. In particular, we show how some cellular automata can embed efficient but bounded computation, while others can embed unbounded computations but not efficiently. We also study two variants of Boolean circuit embedding, transient versus repeatable simulations, and underline their differences. Finally we show how strong forms of universality can be hidden inside some seemingly simple cellular automata according to some classical …
While the reversibility of multidimensional cellular automata is undecidable and there exists a criterion for determining if a multidimensional linear cellular automaton is reversible, there are only a few results about the reversibility problem of multidimensional linear cellular automata under boundary conditions. This work proposes a criterion for testing the reversibility of a multidimensional linear cellular automaton under null boundary condition and an algorithm for the computation of its reverse, if it exists. The investigation of the dynamical behavior of a multidimensional linear cel…
We prove that the (language of the) asymptotic set (and the nonwandering set) of a one-dimensional cellular automaton can be $\SIGMA^1_1$-hard. We do not go into much detail, since the constructions are relatively standard.
In this article we give a new definition of some analog of Lyapunov exponents for cellular automata . Then for a shift ergodic and cellular automaton invariant probability measure we establish an inequality between the entropy of the automaton, the entropy of the shift and the Lyapunov exponent.
The dynamical behavior of non-uniform cellular automata is compared with the one of classical cellular automata. Several differences and similarities are pointed out by a series of examples. Decidability of basic properties like surjectivity and injectivity is also established. The final part studies a strong form of equicontinuity property specially suited for non-uniform cellular automata.
Let $S$ be a cancellative left-amenable semigroup and let $A$ be a finite set. We prove that every pre-injective cellular automaton $τ\colon A^S \to A^S$ is surjective.
In this paper, we study linear cellular automata (CAs) on Cayley tree of order 2 over the field $\mathbb F_p$ (the set of prime numbers modulo $p$). We construct the rule matrix corresponding to finite cellular automata on Cayley tree. Further, we analyze the reversibility problem of this cellular automaton for some given values of $a,b,c,d\in \mathbb{F}_{p}\setminus \{0\}$ and the levels $n$ of Cayley tree. We compute the measure-theoretical entropy of the cellular automata which we define on Cayley tree. We show that for CAs on Cayley tree the measure entropy with respect to uniform Bernoull…
We consider the typical asymptotic behaviour of cellular automata of higher dimension (greater than 2). That is, we take an initial configuration at random according to a Bernoulli (i.i.d) probability measure, iterate some cellular automaton, and consider the (set of) limit probability measure(s) as time tends to infinity. In this paper, we prove that limit measures that can be reached by higher-dimensional cellular automata are completely characterised by computability conditions, as in the one-dimensional case. This implies that cellular automata have the same variety and complexity of typic…
We prove a converse to Moore's ``Garden-of-Eden'' theorem: a group G is amenable if and only if all cellular automata living on G that admit mutually erasable patterns also admit gardens of Eden. It had already been conjectured in that amenability could be characterized by cellular automata. We prove the first part of that conjecture.
