电磁感应的一般规律
A general law for electromagnetic induction
摘要：
感应$emf$定义为作用在单位正电荷上的洛伦兹力在闭环上的积分，这直接导致了电磁感应现象的一般规律。一般的法律适用于三个重要的情况：移动杆，法拉第和科尔比诺的磁盘。这最后一个应用程序说明的漂移速度的电荷的感应$emf$的贡献：磁阻效应是在不使用微观模型的导电。麦克斯韦写下了"电动势强度的一般方程"，如果对方程中出现的速度进行正确解释的话，在一个闭合回路上积分，就可以得出电磁感应的一般定律。磁场通过以电路为轮廓的任意表面的通量{\em不是感应$emf$的原因}。当电路为丝状时，磁通法则可作为预测感应$emf$值的计算捷径。最后，根据狭义相对论的要求，电磁感应的一般定律在由相对匀速运动的磁体和电路组成的系统的两个参考系中产生感应$emf$。
英文摘要：
The definition of the induced $emf$ as the integral over a closed loop of the Lorentz force acting on a unit positive charge leads immediately to a general law for electromagnetic induction phenomena. The general law is applied to three significant cases: moving bar, Faraday's and Corbino's disc. This last application illustrates the contribution of the drift velocity of the charges to the induced $emf$: the magneto-resistance effect is obtained without using microscopic models of electrical conduction. Maxwell wrote down `general equations of electromotive intensity' that, integrated over a closed loop, yield the general law for electromagnetic induction, if the velocity appearing in them is correctly interpreted. The flux of the magnetic field through an arbitrary surface that have the circuit as contour {\em is not the cause} of the induced $emf$. The flux rule must be considered as a calculation shortcut for predicting the value of the induced $emf$ when the circuit is filiform. Finally, the general law of electromagnetic induction yields the induced $emf$ in both reference frames of a system composed by a magnet and a circuit in relative uniform motion, as required by special relativity.
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