用CORSIKA程序计算强子Generator和大气季节变化对Cosmic Ray电离的影响
Hadron Generator and Atmospheric Seasonal Variation Influence on Cosmic Ray Ionization computed with CORSIKA Code
摘要：
近年来，宇宙线大气电离物理模型的发展取得了重要进展。基本上，模型是全目标的，即基于大气中电磁-μ子-核子级联的蒙特卡罗模拟。一般来说，质子核在这些模型中的贡献是突出的，即初级宇宙射线$α$ -粒子和重核被忽略或缩放到质子。宇宙线大气级联的发展对初级宇宙线粒子的能量和质量十分敏感。在地球大气层级联的蒙特卡罗模拟中，最大的不确定性是由于假设的强子相互作用模型，即所谓的强子发生器。在本文的工作中，我们比较了初级宇宙线核，如质子，$α$ -粒子，氧和铁核的电离产额函数$Y$，假设不同的强子相互作用模型。计算采用CORSIKA 6.9程序，使用GHEISHA 2002，FLUKA 2011，UrQMD强子发生器（能量低于80 GeV/核子）和QGSJET II强子发生器（能量高于80 GeV/核子）。强子发生器之间观察到的差异被广泛讨论。研究了不同大气参数化，即美国标准大气、美国标准大气冬、夏季廓线对离子产生率的影响。假设真实的初级宇宙射线质量组成，离子产生率是在几个刚性截止-从1 GV（高纬度）到15 GV（赤道纬度）使用各种强子发生器。计算结果与实验数据进行了比较。最后给出了强子发生器一致性的结论。
英文摘要：
Recently an essential progress in development of physical models for cosmic ray induced ionization in the atmosphere is achieved. Basically, the models are full target, i.e. based on Monte Carlo simulation of an electromagnetic-muon-nucleon cascade in the atmosphere. In general, the contribution of proton nuclei in those models is highlighted, i.e. primary cosmic ray $α$-particles and heavy nuclei are neglected or scaled to protons. The development of cosmic ray induced atmospheric cascade is sensitive to the energy and mass of the primary cosmic ray particle. The largest uncertainties in Monte Carlo simulations of a cascade in the Earth atmosphere are due to assumed hadron interaction models, the so-called hadron generators. In the work presented here we compare the ionization yield functions $Y$ for primary cosmic ray nuclei, such as protons, $α$-particles, Oxygen and Iron nuclei, assuming different hadron interaction models. The computations are fulfilled with the CORSIKA 6.9 code using GHEISHA 2002, FLUKA 2011, UrQMD hadron generators for energy below 80 GeV/nucleon and QGSJET II for energy above 80 GeV/nucleon. The observed difference between hadron generators is widely discussed. The influence of different atmospheric parametrizations, namely US standard atmosphere, US standard atmosphere winter and summer profiles on ion production rate is studied. Assuming realistic primary cosmic ray mass composition, the ion production rate is obtained at several rigidity cut-offs - from 1 GV (high latitudes) to 15 GV (equatorial latitudes) using various hadron generators. The computations are compared with experimental data. A conclusion concerning the consistency of the hadron generators is stated.
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