流体流动增强了水生微生物毒素输出的有效性：微绒毛和浓度边界层的第一次通过观点
Fluid flow enhances the effectiveness of toxin export by aquatic microorganisms: a first-passage perspective on microvilli and the concentration boundary layer
摘要：
生物体在发育过程中面临的一个核心挑战是确定一种有效地从发育中的胚胎内输出有毒分子的方法。对于水生微生物来说，所采用的策略应能适应多变的海洋环境，并限制出口毒素被重吸收的机会。因此，毒素输出的问题与流体中的质量传输物理学密切相关。在本文中，我们考虑了一个模型的第一次通过问题的吸收出口毒素的球形胚胎。通过考虑宏观尺度的流体湍流如何体现在胚胎的微观尺度上，我们确定流体流动增强了毒素出口的有效性相比，扩散限制运输的情况下。在大Péclet数的区域，对流扩散方程的微扰解揭示了在胚胎表面形成浓度边界层。模型结果表明，在出口过程中的细胞表面粗糙度的功能作用，与浓度边界层的厚度设置的长度尺度为细胞膜突起称为微绒毛。我们强调模型结果和海胆胚胎发育实验之间的联系。
英文摘要：
A central challenge for organisms during development is determining a means to efficiently export toxic molecules from inside the developing embryo. For aquatic microorganisms, the strategies employed should be robust with respect to the variable ocean environment and limit the chances that exported toxins are reabsorbed. As a result, the problem of toxin export is closely related to the physics of mass transport in a fluid. In this paper we consider a model first-passage problem for the uptake of exported toxins by a spherical embryo. By considering how macroscale fluid turbulence manifests itself on the microscale of the embryo, we determine that fluid flow enhances the effectiveness of toxin export as compared to the case of diffusion-limited transport. In the regime of large Péclet number, a perturbative solution of the advection-diffusion equation reveals that a concentration boundary layer forms at the surface of the embryo. The model results suggest a functional role for cell surface roughness in the export process, with the thickness of the concentration boundary layer setting the length scale for cell membrane protrusions known as microvilli. We highlight connections between the model results and experiments on the development of sea urchin embryos.
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