经典电动力学中的荷磁参数
The Charge-Magnet Paradoxes of Classical Electrodynamics
摘要：
在文献中已经讨论了许多电荷-磁体悖论，从肖克利1967年的著名论文开始，他在那里引入了电磁系统中隐藏动量的概念。我们讨论了所有这些悖论在一个单一的，一般的情况下，表明，守恒定律的线动量和角动量可以得到满足，而不需要隐藏的实体，提供了爱因斯坦劳布法律的力和扭矩的地方使用的标准洛伦兹定律。爱因斯坦和劳布在1908年发表了他们的论文，但传统的洛伦兹定律的简单性掩盖了他们的公式的微妙特征，乍一看，似乎有点复杂。然而，这一轻微的复杂性导致了随后的优势，因为肖克利发现了隐藏的动量，这发生在爱因斯坦去世十多年后。在本文中，我们将展示如何爱因斯坦-劳布形式主义处理与某些悖论的经典电动力学涉及静态分布的电荷和磁铁的磁化强度慢慢消失的时间相关的基本问题。电磁力和力矩的爱因斯坦-劳布定律优雅地处理了这些悖论，而不与现有的知识体系相矛盾，这已经被超过一个半世纪的理论和实验研究所证实。
英文摘要：
A number of charge-magnet paradoxes have been discussed in the literature, beginning with Shockley's famous 1967 paper, where he introduced the notion of hidden momentum in electromagnetic systems. We discuss all these paradoxes in a single, general context, showing that the conservation laws of linear and angular momenta can be satisfied without the need for hidden entities, provided that the Einstein-Laub laws of force and torque are used in place of the standard Lorentz law. Einstein and Laub published their paper in 1908, but the simplicity of the conventional Lorentz law overshadowed the subtle features of their formulation which, at first sight, appears somewhat complicated. However, that slight complication turns out to lead to subsequent advantages in light of Shockley's discovery of hidden momentum, which occurred more than a decade after Einstein had passed away. In this paper, we show how the Einstein-Laub formalism handles the underlying problems associated with certain paradoxes of classical electrodynamics involving a static distribution of electric charges and a magnet whose magnetization slowly fades away in time. The Einstein-Laub laws of electromagnetic force and torque treat these paradoxes with elegance and without contradicting the existing body of knowledge, which has been confirmed by more than one and a half century of theoretical and experimental investigations.
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