广告隐私设置的自动化实验：不透明，选择和歧视的故事
Automated Experiments on Ad Privacy Settings: A Tale of Opacity, Choice, and Discrimination
摘要：
为了部分解决人们对网络跟踪的担忧，谷歌创建了广告设置网页，以提供有关谷歌为用户创建的个人资料的信息和一些选择。我们提出了AdFisher，一个自动化的工具，探讨如何用户行为，谷歌的广告和广告设置互动。AdFisher可以运行基于浏览器的实验，并使用机器学习和显著性测试分析数据。我们的工具使用严格的实验设计和统计分析，以确保我们的结果的统计合理性。我们使用AdFisher发现，广告设置对用户个人资料的某些功能是不透明的，它确实提供了一些广告选择，这些选择可能会导致看似歧视性的广告。特别是，我们发现访问与药物滥用相关的网页会改变显示的广告，但不会改变设置页面。我们还发现，将性别设置为女性会导致与高薪工作相关的广告比将其设置为男性更少。由于我们对广告生态系统（包括Google、广告商、网站和用户）的了解有限，我们无法确定是谁导致了这些结果。然而，这些结果可以成为公司本身或监管机构进行更深入调查的起点。
英文摘要：
To partly address people's concerns over web tracking, Google has created the Ad Settings webpage to provide information about and some choice over the profiles Google creates on users. We present AdFisher, an automated tool that explores how user behaviors, Google's ads, and Ad Settings interact. AdFisher can run browser-based experiments and analyze data using machine learning and significance tests. Our tool uses a rigorous experimental design and statistical analysis to ensure the statistical soundness of our results. We use AdFisher to find that the Ad Settings was opaque about some features of a user's profile, that it does provide some choice on ads, and that these choices can lead to seemingly discriminatory ads. In particular, we found that visiting webpages associated with substance abuse changed the ads shown but not the settings page. We also found that setting the gender to female resulted in getting fewer instances of an ad related to high paying jobs than setting it to male. We cannot determine who caused these findings due to our limited visibility into the ad ecosystem, which includes Google, advertisers, websites, and users. Nevertheless, these results can form the starting point for deeper investigations by either the companies themselves or by regulatory bodies.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
