A simple observation about the action for geodesics in a stationary spacetime with separable geodesic equations leads to a natural class of slicings of that spacetime whose orthogonal geodesic trajectories represent freely falling observers. The time coordinate function can then be taken to be the observer proper time, leading to a unit lapse function. This explains some of the properties of the original Painlevé-Gullstrand coordinates on the Schwarzschild spacetime and their generalization to the Kerr-Newman family of spacetimes, reproducible also locally for the Gödel spacetime. For the static spherically symmetric case the slicing can be chosen to be intrinsically flat with spherically symmetric geodesic observers, leaving all the gravitational field information in the shift vector field.
Slice-stretching effects are discussed as they arise at the event horizon when geodesically slicing the extended Schwarzschild black-hole spacetime while using singularity excision. In particular, for Novikov and isotropic spatial coordinates the outward movement of the event horizon (``slice sucking'') and the unbounded growth there of the radial metric component (``slice wrapping'') are analyzed. For the overall slice stretching, very similar late time behavior is found when comparing with maximal slicing. Thus, the intuitive argument that attributes slice stretching to singularity avoidance…
Considering the definition of inertial forces acting on a test particle, following non-circular geodesics, in static and stationary space times we show that the centrifugal force reversal occurs only in the case of particles following prograde orbits around black holes. We first rewrite the covariant expressions for the acceleration components in terms of the lapse function, shift vector and the 3-metric $\gm_{ij}$, using the ADM 3+1 splitting and use these, for different cases as given by pure radial motion, pure azimuthal motion and the general non-circular motion. It is found that the rever…
In this paper, we find all the Conformal Killing Vectors (CKVs) and their Lie Algebra for the recently reported [cqg1] spherically symmetric, shear-free separable metric spacetimes with non-vanishing energy or heat flux. We also solve the geodesic equatios of motion for the spacetime under consideration.
Geodesics and Shadows in the Kerr-Bertotti-Robinson Black Hole Spacetime
Beijing Normal University（北京师范大学）；Key Laboratory of Multiscale Spin Physics (Ministry of Education), Beijing Normal University（北京师范大学多尺度自旋物理教育部重点实验室）；Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University（上海交通大学汤川研究所）；Institute of Fundamental Physics and Quantum Technology, & School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University（宁波大学基础物理与量子技术学院、物理科学与技术学院）；School of Physics, Peking University, & Center for High Energy Physics（北京大学物理学院、高能物理中心）
Recently, the current authors have formulated and extensively explored a rather novel Painleve-Gullstrand variant of the slow-rotation Lense-Thirring spacetime, a variant which has particularly elegant features -- including unit lapse, intrinsically flat spatial 3-slices, and a separable Klein-Gordon equation (wave operator). This spacetime also possesses a non-trivial Killing tensor, implying separability of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation, the existence of a Carter constant, and complete formal integrability of the the geodesic equations. Herein we investigate the geodesics in some detail, in t…
We study the geodesic flow on the cotangent bundle of a Friedman-Robertson-Walker spacetime (M, g). On this bundle, the HamiltonJacobi equation is completely separable and this separability leads us to construct four linearly independent integrals in involution i.e. Poisson commuting amongst themselves and pointwise linearly independent. These integrals involve the six linearly independent Killing fields of the background metric g. As a consequence, the geodesic flow on an FRW background is completely integrable in the Liouville-Arnold sense. For the case of a spatially closed universe we cons…
An exact class of solutions of the 5D vacuum Einstein field equations (EFEs) is obtained. The metric coefficients are found to be non-separable functions of time and the extra coordinate $l$ and the induced metric on $l$ = constant hypersurfaces has the form of a Friedmann-Robertson-Walker cosmology. The 5D manifold and 3D and 4D submanifolds are in general curved, which distinguishes this solution from previous ones in the literature. The singularity structure of the manifold is explored: some models in the class do not exhibit a big bang, while other exhibit a big bang and a big crunch. For …
This work concerns a new reformulation of quantum geometrodynamics, which allows to overcome a fundamental ambiguity contained in the canonical approach to quantum gravity: the possibility of performing a (3+1)-slicing of space-time, when the metric tensor is in a quantum regime. Our formulation provides also a procedure to solve the problems connected to the so called "frozen formalism". In particular we fix the reference frame (i.e. the lapse function and the shift vector) by introducing the so called "kinematical action"; as a consequence, the new hamiltonian constraints become parabolic, s…
We study the behaviour of a radiating star when the interior expanding, shearing fluid particles are traveling in geodesic motion. We demonstrate that it is possible to obtain new classes of exact solutions in terms of elementary functions without assuming a separable form for the gravitational potentials or initially fixing the temporal evolution of the model unlike earlier treatments. A systematic approach enables us to write the junction condition as a Riccati equation which under particular conditions may be transformed into a separable equation. New classes of solutions are generated whic…
Recently, the authors have formulated and explored a novel Painleve-Gullstrand variant of the Lense-Thirring spacetime, which has some particularly elegant features -- including unit-lapse, intrinsically flat spatial 3-slices, and some particularly simple geodesics, the "rain" geodesics. At linear level in the rotation parameter this spacetime is indistinguishable from the usual slow-rotation expansion of Kerr. Herein, we shall show that this spacetime possesses a nontrivial Killing tensor, implying separability of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation. Furthermore, we shall show that the Klein-Gordon …
Obtaining solutions of the Einstein field equations describing spinning compact bodies is typically challenging. The Newman-Janis algorithm provides a procedure to obtain rotating spacetimes from a static, spherically symmetric, seed metric. It is not guaranteed, however, that the resulting rotating spacetime solves the same field equations as the seed. Moreover, the former may not be circular, and thus expressible in Boyer-Lindquist-like coordinates. Amongst the variations of the original procedure, a modified Newman-Janis algorithm (MNJA) has been proposed that, by construction, originates a…
In the literature, the Newman-Janis algorithm (NJA) has been widely used to construct stationary and axisymmetric spacetimes to describe rotating black holes. In addition, it has been recently shown that the general stationary and axisymmetric spacetime generated through NJA allows the complete separability of the null geodesic equations. In fact, the Hamilton-Jacobi equation in this spacetime is also separable if one of the metric functions is additively separable. In this work, we further study the conditions for a separable Klein-Gordon equation in such a general spacetime. The relations be…
Calculation of a regularized Teukolsky Green function in Schwarzschild spacetime
Universität Leipzig（莱比锡大学）；Scoil na Matamaitice agus na Staitisticí, An Coláiste Ollscoile, Baile Átha Cliath（都柏林大学学院数学与统计学院）；Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas (CBPF)（巴西物理研究中心）；School of Mathematical Sciences, Dublin City University（都柏林城市大学数学科学学院）
Recently, several new characteristics have been introduced to describe null geodesic structure of strong gravitational field, such as photon regions, transversely trapping surfaces and some generalizations. They give an alternative and concise way to describe lensing and shadow features of compact objects with strong gravitational field without recurring to complete integration of the geodesic equations. Here we test this construction in the case of the Weyl metrics when geodesic equations are non-separable, and thus can not be integrated analytically, while the above characteristic surfaces a…
We study a marginally stable circular orbit (MSCO) such as the innermost stable circular orbit (ISCO) of a timelike geodesic in any spherically symmetric and static spacetime. It turns out that the metric components are separable from the constants of motion along geodesics. We show also that a metric component $g_{rr}$ with a radial coordinate $r$ does not affect MSCOs. This suggests that, as a test of gravity, any ISCO measurement may be put into the same category as gravitational redshift experiments. MSCOs for exact solutions to the Einstein's equation are also mentioned.
Photon region (PR) in the strong gravitational field is defined as a compact region where photons can travel endlessly without going to infinity or disappearing at the event horizon. In Schwarzschild metric PR degenerates to the two-dimensional photon sphere $r=3r_g/2$ where closed circular photon orbits are located. The photon sphere as a three-dimensional hypersurface in spacetime is umbilic (its second quadratic form is pure trace). In Kerr metric the equatorial circular orbits have different radii for prograde, $r_p$, and retrograde, $r_r$, motion (where $r$ is Boyer-Lindquist radial varia…
