摆动尾巴：黑洞周围大质量场的引力波特征
Wiggly tails: a gravitational wave signature of massive fields around black holes
摘要：
大质量场可以存在于黑洞周围的长寿命结构中。我们研究如何受扰动的黑洞的引力波信号是由线性理论内的这种“肮脏”的影响。作为一个具体的例子，我们考虑了一个大质量标量场落入一个史瓦西黑洞所产生的引力辐射。虽然标量场的一部分被黑洞吸收/散射并触发引力波发射，但另一部分则停留在长寿命的准束缚态。数值求解Teukolsky主方程的引力摄动耦合到大质量的Klein-Gordon方程，我们发现一个特征的引力波信号，由准正常的振铃，其次是后期的时间尾巴。然而，与“干净”的黑洞相反，晚时间尾包含小幅度摆动的频率占主导地位的准束缚态。此外，还可以看到依赖于观察者的跳动模式。这些特征已经在完全非线性研究中观察到;我们的分析表明它们存在于线性水平，并且由于它简化为1+1维数值问题，因此可以获得更清晰的数值数据。此外，我们讨论的权力法律的尾巴，它只成为普遍足够远离“脏”黑洞。由巴斯特提出的摆动的尾巴是一个通用的特征，可以被用作黑洞周围存在大质量场的确凿证据，无论是线性云还是完全非线性的头发。
英文摘要：
Massive fields can exist in long-lived configurations around black holes. We examine how the gravitational wave signal of a perturbed black hole is affected by such `dirtiness' within linear theory. As a concrete example, we consider the gravitational radiation emitted by the infall of a massive scalar field into a Schwarzschild black hole. Whereas part of the scalar field is absorbed/scattered by the black hole and triggers gravitational wave emission, another part lingers in long-lived quasi-bound states. Solving numerically the Teukolsky master equation for gravitational perturbations coupled to the massive Klein-Gordon equation, we find a characteristic gravitational wave signal, composed by a quasi-normal ringing followed by a late time tail. In contrast to `clean' black holes, however, the late time tail contains small amplitude wiggles with the frequency of the dominating quasi-bound state. Additionally, an observer dependent beating pattern may also be seen. These features were already observed in fully non-linear studies; our analysis shows they are present at linear level, and, since it reduces to a 1+1 dimensional numerical problem, allows for cleaner numerical data. Moreover, we discuss the power law of the tail and that it only becomes universal sufficiently far away from the `dirty' black hole. The wiggly tails, by constrast, are a generic feature that may be used as a smoking gun for the presence of massive fields around black holes, either as a linear cloud or as fully non-linear hair.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
