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arXiv 1407.4499astro-ph.HEastro-ph.GAphysics.plasm-ph
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关于由无碰撞冲击建立的电子-离子温度比

On the electron-ion temperature ratio established by collisionless shocks

Jacco Vink, Sjors Broersen, Andrei Bykov, Stefano Gabici

摘要:

天体物理学冲击通常是无碰撞冲击。关于无碰撞冲击的一个悬而未决的问题是,电子和离子是否各自建立自己的冲击后温度,或者它们是否在冲击区迅速平衡。在这里,我们提供了简单的关系,最小量的平衡预期。基本假设是电子的密度通量是分别守恒的,但所有粒子种类在冲击波中经历相同的密度跳跃。这一假设导致了电子-离子平衡的解析处理,这与无碰撞激波的观测结果一致:在低马赫数($<2$)下,电子和离子接近平衡,而对于高于$M \sim 60$的马赫数,电子-离子温度比与粒子质量$T_e/T_i = m_e/m_i$成比例。在这两个极端之间,电子-离子温度比的比例为$T_e/T_i \propto 1/M_s^2$。如果考虑到电子的绝热压缩,这个关系也成立。对于磁化等离子体,压缩由磁声马赫数决定,而电子-离子温度由音速马赫数决定。推导出的方程与低马赫数下的观测数据一致,但对于超新星遗迹,该关系式要求对观测数据推断出的马赫数被高估,这可能是宇宙线前体上游加热的结果。除了预测一个最小的电子/离子的温度比,我们还将在冲击,量化的无量纲参数$ξ$的离子-电子热交换。将该模型与太阳系和超新星遗迹中现有的观测结果进行比较,表明数据最好用$ξ \sim 5$百分比来描述。(摘要摘要)

英文摘要:

Astrophysical shocks are often collisionless shocks. An open question about collisionless shocks is whether electrons and ions each establish their own post-shock temperature, or whether they quickly equilibrate in the shock region. Here we provide simple relations for the minimal amount of equilibration to expect. The basic assumption is that the enthalpy-flux of the electrons is conserved separately, but that all particle species should undergo the same density jump across the the shock. This assumption results in an analytic treatment of electron-ion equilibration that agrees with observations of collisionless shocks: at low Mach numbers ($<2$) the electrons and ions are close to equilibration, whereas for Mach numbers above $M \sim 60$ the electron-ion temperature ratio scales with the particle masses $T_e/T_i = m_e/m_i$. In between these two extremes the electron-ion temperature ratio scales as $T_e/T_i \propto 1/M_s^2$. This relation also hold if adiabatic compression of the electrons is taken into account. For magnetised plasmas the compression is governed by the magnetosonic Mach number, whereas the electron-ion temperatures are governed by the sonic Mach number. The derived equations are in agreement with observational data at low Mach numbers, but for supernova remnants the relation requires that the inferred Mach numbers for the observations are over- estimated, perhaps as a result of upstream heating in the cosmic-ray precursor. In addition to predicting a minimal electron/ion temperature ratio, we also heuristically incorporate ion-electron heat exchange at the shock, quantified with a dimensionless parameter $ξ$. Comparing the model to existing observations in the solar system and supernova remnants suggests that the data are best described by $ξ \sim 5$ percent. (Abridged abstract.)

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