壳层星系作为测试MOND的实验室
Shell galaxies as laboratories for testing MOND
摘要：
在椭圆星系中进行MOND的测试是相对罕见的，因为这些星系在MOND效应显著的区域通常缺乏运动示踪剂。在许多椭圆星系中观测到的恒星壳提供了一种有希望的方法来约束它们的引力场。壳层在其宿主星系周围呈现出发光的弧形。它们被观察到高达~100 kpc。轴对称壳层系统中的恒星以近径向轨道运行。壳层位置的径向分布和壳层中恒星的光谱可以用来约束宿主星系的引力势。对称壳层系统，特别适合于这些研究，出现在所有早型星系的约3%。因此，壳大大增加了椭圆的数量，其中MOND可以测试到大半径。在本文中，我们回顾了我们的工作，壳星系的MOND。我们总结了Bílek et al.（2013）的论文，其中我们证明了椭圆NGC 3923的壳半径与MOND的一致性，以及Bílek et al.（2014）的工作，其中我们预测了NGC 3923的巨大（~200 kpc），尚未发现的壳。我们解释了这两篇论文中使用的外壳识别方法。我们进一步描述了MOND中壳层谱中线型轮廓的预期形状，由于引力场和重子物质分布的直接关系，这是非常特殊的（Bílek等人，2014年，筹备中）。
英文摘要：
Tests of MOND in ellipticals are relatively rare because these galaxies often lack kinematic tracers in the regions where the MOND effects are significant. Stellar shells observed in many elliptical galaxies offer a promising way to constrain their gravitational field. Shells appear as glowing arcs around their host galaxy. They are observed up to ~100 kpc. The stars in axially symmetric shell systems move in nearly radial orbits. The radial distributions of shell locations and the spectra of stars in shells can be used to constrain the gravitational potential of their host galaxy. The symmetrical shell systems, being especially suitable for these studies, occur in approximately 3% of all early-type galaxies. Hence the shells substantially increase the number of ellipticals in which MOND can be tested up to large radii. In this paper, we review our work on shell galaxies in MOND. We summarize the paper Bílek et al. (2013), where we demonstrated the consistency of shell radii in an elliptical NGC 3923 with MOND, and the work Bílek et al. (2014), in which we predicted a giant (~200 kpc), as yet undiscovered shell of NGC 3923. We explain the shell identification method, which was used in these two papers. We further describe the expected shape of line profiles in shell spectra in MOND which is very special due to the direct relation of the gravitational field and baryonic matter distribution (Bílek et al., 2014, in preparation).
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