用非形式标量解释质子半径之谜
Explaining the Proton Radius Puzzle with Disformal Scalars
摘要：
我们在原子物理学的背景下分析了无质量标量和物质粒子之间的非正式相互作用的后果。我们专注于位移的原子能级，它引起的，特别是在2s和2p状态之间的兰姆位移的变化。我们发现兰姆位移的修正依赖于费米子的质量，这意味着μ子原子的影响更大。取描述有效标量场理论的截止尺度接近QCD尺度，我们发现非形式相互作用可以解释观测到的μ子氢与电子氢质子半径的差异。只有当标量场被嵌入非线性理论中，从而减轻了对撞机和恒星物理学的限制时，才有可能解释质子半径之谜。在真空中存在非微扰效应的伽利略子的短距离性质确保了在高能粒子碰撞中保持幺正性。在物质上，变色龙机制解释了恒星物体燃烧速率对非形式相互作用的限制。我们展示了如何将这两个属性结合在一个单一的模型，使质子半径之谜可行的解释。
英文摘要：
We analyse the consequences of a disformal interaction between a massless scalar and matter particles in the context of atomic physics. We focus on the displacement of the atomic energy levels that it induces, and in particular the change in the Lamb shift between the 2s and 2p states. We find that the correction to the Lamb shift depends on the mass of the fermion orbiting around the nucleus, implying a larger effect for muonic atoms. Taking the cut-off scale describing the effective scalar field theory close to the QCD scale, we find that the disformal interaction can account for the observed difference in the proton radius of muonic versus electronic Hydrogen. Explaining the proton radius puzzle is only possible when the scalar field is embedded in non-linear theories which alleviate constraints from collider and stellar physics. Short distance properties of the Galileon where non-perturbative effects in vacuum are present ensure that unitarity is preserved in high energy particle collisions. In matter, the chameleon mechanism alleviates the constraints on disformal interactions coming from the burning rates for stellar objects. We show how to combine these two properties in a single model which renders the proposed explanation of the proton radius puzzle viable.
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