Timelike deeply virtual Compton scattering with a linearly polarized real (or quasi-real) photon beam
A. T. Goritschnig, B. Pire, Jakub Wagner
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To appear in the proceedings XXII. International Workshop on Deep Inelastic Scattering and Related Subjects (DIS 2014), 28 April - 2 May 2014, Warsaw, Poland
We calculate timelike virtual Compton scattering amplitudes in the generalized Bjorken scaling regime and focus on a new polarization asymmetry in the scattering process with a linearly polarized photon beam in the medium energy range, which will be studied intensely at JLab12 experiments. We demonstrate that new observables help us to access the polarized quark and gluon generalized parton distributions $\tilde H(x, ξ, t)$ and $ \tilde E(x, ξ, t)$.
We study the timelike virtual Compton scattering process with a linearly polarized photon beam, in the generalized Bjorken scaling region and in the medium energy range which will be studied intensely at JLab12 experiments. We define new observables and show how they should help to access the polarized quark and gluon generalized parton distributions.
We review recent progress in the study of timelike Compton scattering (TCS), the crossed process of deeply virtual Compton scattering. We emphasize the need to include NLO corrections to any phenomenological program to extract Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs) from near future experimental data. We point out that TCS at high energy should be available through a study of ultraperipheral collisions at RHIC and LHC, opening a window on quark and gluon GPDs at very small skewness.
We use a generalization of the Rosenbluth separation method for a model independent simultaneous extraction of the Compton Form Factors ${\cal H}$ and ${\cal E}$, from virtual Compton scattering data on an unpolarized target. A precise evaluation of ${\cal H}$ and ${\cal E}$, enabled by the proposed method, is the first step towards pinning down the the distribution of angular momentum inside the proton.
We investigate the exclusive photoproduction of a heavy timelike photon which decays into a lepton pair, gamma p -> l+ l- p. This can be seen as the analog of deeply virtual Compton scattering, and we argue that the two processes are complementary for studying generalized parton distributions in the nucleon. In an unpolarized experiment the angular distribution of the leptons readily provides access to the real part of the Compton amplitude. We estimate the possible size of this effect in kinematics where the Compton process should be dominated by quark exchange.
We emphasize the complementarity of timelike and spacelike studies of deep exclusive processes, taking as an example the case of timelike Compton Scattering (TCS) i.e. the exclusive photoproduction of a lepton pair with large invariant mass, vs deeply virtual Compton scattering (DVCS) i.e. the exclusive leptoproduction of a real photon. Both amplitudes factorize with the same generalized parton distributions (GPDs) as their soft parts and coefficient functions which differ significantly at next to leading order in alpha_s. We also stress that data on TCS at very high energy should be available…
We calculate the O(alpha_s) corrections to the timelike, spacelike and double deeply virtual Compton scattering amplitudes in the generalized Bjorken scaling region. Special attention is devoted to studies of the difference between the next to leading order timelike and spacelike coefficient functions, which plays for this process a role analogous to the large K factor which was much discussed in the analysis of inclusive Drell Yan cross sections. Also in the present studies the timelike nature of the hard scale gives rise to new absorptive part of the amplitude and to the presence of characte…
We present a sample of results of our work to be published soon on Timelike Compton scattering off the proton, in the framework of the Generalized Parton Distributions formalism.
We study timelike and spacelike virtual Compton scattering in the generalized Bjorken scaling regime at next to leading order in the strong coupling constant, in the medium energy range which will be studied intensely at JLab12 and in the COMPASS-II experiment at CERN. We show that the Born amplitudes get sizeable O(α_s) corrections and, even at moderate energies, the gluonic contributions are by no means negligible. We stress that the timelike and spacelike cases are complementary and that their difference deserves much special attention.
We study the deeply virtual Compton scattering process with both twist-two and twist-three Compton form factors and present our cross-sections formulas with all polarization configurations. While the twist-three contributions are generally assumed to be negligible in the literature due to the kinematical suppression, we compare them with the twist-two ones at typical JLab 6 GeV and 12 GeV kinematics as well as EIC kinematics and show their kinematical suppression explicitly, justifying the leading-twist approximation made in the literature. In addition, we also estimate the twist-three Compton…
We study the deeply virtual Compton scattering cross-section in twist-two generalized parton distribution (GPD) approximation, and show that different choices of light-cone vectors and gauges for the final photon polarization will lead to different higher-order kinematical corrections to the cross-section formula. The choice of light-cone vectors affects kinematic corrections at the twist-three level, accounting for the differences between the cross-section formulas in the literature. On the other hand, kinematical corrections from higher-twist GPDs should eliminate the light-cone dependence a…
In the framework of collinear QCD factorization, the leading twist scattering amplitudes for deeply virtual Compton scattering (DVCS) and timelike Compton scattering (TCS) are intimately related thanks to analytic properties of leading and next-to-leading order amplitudes. We exploit this welcome feature to make data-driven predictions for TCS observables to be measured in near future experiments. Using a recent extraction of DVCS Compton form factors from most of the existing experimental data for that process, we derive TCS amplitudes and calculate TCS observables only assuming leading-twist…
We show how quark-hadron duality can emerge for valence spin averaged structure functions, and for the non-forward distributions of Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering. Novel factorisations of the non-forward amplitudes are proposed. Some implications for large angle scattering and deviations from the quark counting rules are illustrated.
Exclusive photoproduction of dileptons, gamma N->e+e-N, is and will be measured in ultraperipheral collisions at hadron colliders, such as the Tevatron, RHIC and the LHC . We demonstrate that the timelike deeply virtual Compton scattering (TCS) mechanism gamma q -> e+e- q where the lepton pair comes from the subprocess gamma q -> gamma* q dominates in some accessible kinematical regions, thus opening a new way to study generalized parton distributions (GPD) in the nucleon. High energy kinematics enables to probe parton distributions at small skewedness. This subprocess interferes at the amplit…
We report on a recent work proposing measurements of the deeply virtual Compton amplitude (DVCS) $γ^* \to h \bar h γ$ in the timelike kinematic domain which is accessible at electron-positron colliders via the radiative annihilation process $e^+ e^- \to h \bar h γ$.
Timelike Compton scattering (TCS) i.e. the exclusive photoproduction of a lepton pair with large invariant mass nicely complements the already successful experimental study of deeply virtual Compton scattering (DVCS). The same Generalized Parton Distributions enter both amplitudes, which offer a promissing way to access the quark and gluon nucleon structure. We review recent progress in this domain, emphasizing the fact that analyticity and factorization properties dictate the relation of the NLO corrections to TCS to those of DVCS. We also stress that data on TCS at high energy should be avai…
In this prize talk, I recall some of the history surrounding the discovery of deeply virtual Compton scattering, and explain why it is an exciting experimental tool to obtain novel tomographic pictures of the nucleons at Jefferson Lab 12 GeV facility and the planned Electron-Ion Collider in the United States.
We derive an all order resummation formula for the deeply virtual Compton scattering (DVCS) amplitude, which takes into account soft gluon exchanges in the non-singlet quark coefficient function. We identify the ladder diagrams responsible in light-like gauge for [alphaS log^2 (x +/- xi)]^n contributions. The resummed series results in a simple closed expression.
The status of realistic calculations of nuclear generalized parton distributions, entering the theoretical description of coherent deeply virtual Compton scattering off nuclei, is reviewed for trinucleons and for $^4$He, also in view of forthcoming measurements at the Jefferson Laboratory and at the future Electron Ion Collider.
We study the exclusive photoproduction of an electron-positron pair on a neutron target in the Jefferson Lab energy domain. The reaction consists of two processes: the Bethe-Heitler and the Timelike Compton Scattering. The latter process provides potentially access to the Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs) of the nucleon. We calculate all the unpolarized, single- and double-spin observables of the reaction and study their sensitivities to GPDs.
We further analyze the holographic dipole-dipole scattering amplitude developed in arXiv:1202.0831, 1205.3223. Gribov diffusion at strong coupling yields the scattering amplitude in a confining background. We compare the holographic result for the differential cross section to proton-proton and deeply virtual Compton scattering data.
We study recent Deeply Virtual Compton scattering (DVCS) data within a dual parameterization of the Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs). This parameterization allows to quantify the maximum amount of information, that can be extracted from DVCS data, in a ``quintessence'' function. We present a ``zero step'' model for the latter solely based on the forward quark density, providing a parameter free prediction for the imaginary part of the DVCS amplitude. It is shown that the bulk effect of the $e p \to e p γ$ beam helicity asymmetry can be understood within such a model.
Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering in the near forward kinematic region is the golden access to Generalized Parton Distributions. We studied the O(alphaS) corrections to the scattering amplitude for both spacelike and timelike kinematics relevant respectively to the leptoproduction of a real photon and to the photoproduction of a lepton pair. It turns out that these corrections are phenomenologically important and that the gluonic contributions are by no means negligible, even in the moderate energy range of JLab12 and of the COMPASS-II experiment at CERN.
We present some recent results on the analysis of hard scattering processes in the framework of Generalized Parton Distributions. In particular we compute DVCS observables on unpolarized targets with the Kroll - Goloskokov model (suited to DVMP analysis). We also discuss NLO contributions to DVCS and TCS processes for various kinematic settings.
We study the exclusive photoproduction of a lepton pair off the proton with the aim of studying the proton quark structure via the Generalized Parton Distributions (GPD) formalism. After deriving the amplitudes of the processes contributing to the $γP\to P' e^+e^-$, the Timelike Compton Scattering and the Bethe-Heitler process, we calculate all unpolarized, single- and double- beam-target spin observables in the valence region in terms of GPDs.
Exclusive photoproduction of dileptons, gamma N ->l+l- N, is and will be measured in ultraperipheral collisions at hadron colliders. We demonstrate that the timelike deeply virtual Compton scattering (TCS) mechanism gamma q -> l+l- q, where the lepton pair comes from the subprocess gamma q -> gamma* q, dominates in some accessible kinematical regions, thus opening a new way to study generalized parton distributions (GPD) in the nucleon at small skewedness.
Diffractive deeply virtual Compton scattering (DiDVCS) is the process $γ^*(- Q^2) + N \rightarrow ρ^0 + γ^* (Q'^2)+ N'$, where N is a nucleon or light nucleus, in the kinematical regime of large rapidity gap between the $ρ^0$ and the final photon-nucleus system, and in the generalized Bjorken regime where both photon virtualities $Q^2$ and $ Q'^2$ are large. We show that this process has the unique virtue of combining the large diffractive cross sections at high energy with the tomographic ability of deeply virtual Compton scattering to scrutinize the quark and gluon content of nucleons and li…
We consider the Generalized Parton Distributions for spin-1 nuclei in general and on the deuteron in particular. We use the impulse approximation to obtain a convolution model for them. Sum rules are used to check the validity of the approach and to estimate the importance of higher Fock-space states in the deuteron. Numerical predictions for the Beam Spin Asymmetry in deeply virtual Compton scattering are presented.
Exclusive photoproduction of dileptons, gamma N ->l+l- N, is and will be measured in ultraperipheralcollisions at hadron colliders. We demonstrate that the timelike deeply virtual Compton scattering (TCS) mechanism gamma q -> l+l- q, where the lepton pair comes from the subprocess gamma q -> gamma* q, dominates in some accessible kinematical regions, thus opening a new way to study generalized parton distributions (GPD) in the nucleon at small skewedness.
Developments in deeply virtual Compton scattering allow the direct measurements of scattering amplitudes for exchange of a highly virtual photon with fine spatial resolution. Real-space images of the target can be obtained from this information. Spatial resolution is determined by the momentum transfer rather than the wavelength of the detected photon. Quantum photographs of the proton, nuclei, and other elementary particles with resolution on the scale of a fraction of a femtometer is feasible with existing experimental technology.
The exclusive photoproduction off nucleon of a large invariant mass lepton pair in the backward region specified by the small Mandelstam variable $-u$ is discussed in the framework of collinear QCD factorization. The amplitude is factorized in terms of photon-to-nucleon Transition Distribution Amplitudes (TDAs) which encode the photon content of the nucleon. Model estimates of these new non-perturbative objects are described and the corresponding cross sections calculated. The background due to the electromagnetic Bethe-Heitler process is shown to be negligible in the kinematical regime of int…
The Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs) constitute an appropriate framework for a universal description of the partonic structure of the nucleon. Double Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering (DDVCS) process provides the only experimental way to measure independently the dependences of the GPDs on the average and transferred momentum. This proceeding discusses the feasibility of a DDVCS experiment in the context of JLab 12 GeV, model-predicted pseudo-data, and extraction of the relevant GPDs information based on a fitter algorithm.
A factorized Regge-pole model for deeply virtual Compton scattering is suggested. The use of an effective logarithmic Regge-Pomeron trajectory provides for the description of both ``soft'' (small $|t|$) and ``hard'' (large $|t|$) dynamics. The model contains explicitly the photoproduction and the DIS limits and fits the existing HERA data on deeply virtual Compton scattering.
Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs) offer a new way to access the quark and gluon nucleon structure. We advocate the need to supplement the experimental study of deeply virtual Compton scattering by its crossed version, timelike Compton scattering. We review recent progress in this domain, emphasizing the need to include NLO corrections to any phenomenological program to extract GPDs from experimental data.
Coherent deeply virtual Compton scattering on helium-4 beyond leading power
IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay（法国原子能与替代能源署萨克雷大学）；Center for Frontiers in Nuclear Science, Stony Brook University（石溪大学核科学前沿中心）；Centre de Physique Théorique, CNRS, École polytechnique, I.P. Paris（巴黎理工学院巴黎综合理工学院理论物理中心法国国家科学研究中心）；National Centre for Nuclear Research (NCBJ)（波兰国家核研究中心）
Recent results from the Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering (DVCS) program at Jefferson Lab will be presented. Approved dedicated DVCS experiments at 6 GeV and plans for the 12 GeV upgrade will be discussed.
We propose measurements of the deeply virtual Compton amplitude (DVCS), gamma* to H H-bar gamma, in the timelike t = (p_{H} + p_{H-bar})^2 > 0 kinematic domain which is accessible at electron-positron colliders via the radiative annihilation process e+ e- to H H-bar gamma. These processes allow the measurement of timelike deeply virtual Compton scattering for a variety of H H-bar hadron pairs such as pi+ pi-, K+ K-, and D D-bar as well as p p-bar. As in the conventional spacelike DVCS, there are interfering coherent amplitudes contributing to the timelike processes involving C= - form factors.…
Based on the two-gluon-exchange dynamical mechanism for deeply inelastic scattering at low x ~= Q^2/W^2 <<1, we stress the intimate connection between the total virtual photoabsorption cross section, deeply virtual Compton scattering and vector-meson electroproduction. A simple expression for the cross section for deeply virtual Compton scattering is derived. Parameter-free predictions are obtained for deeply-virtual Compton forward scattering and vector-meson forward production, once the parameters in the total virtual photoabsorption cross section are determined in a fit to the experimental …
The existing QCD predictions for the Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering (DVCS) depend on the convention used for the skewedness parameter and on the reference frame used to define helicity amplitudes. These ambiquities are formally power-suppressed but numerically significant. They are cancelled by finite-$t$ and target mass corrections that have been calculated recently to the $1/Q^2$ accuracy. It turns out that these corrections can be minimized, at least for unpolarized observables, by choosing a specific reference frame where longitudinal directions are defined by the photon momenta.
The longitudinal target-spin asymmetry A_UL for the exclusive electroproduction of high energy photons was measured for the first time in p(e,e'pγ). The data have been accumulated at Jefferson Lab with the CLAS spectrometer using 5.7 GeV electrons and a longitudinally polarized NH_3 target. A significant azimuthal angular dependence was observed, resulting from the interference of the Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering and Bethe-Heitler processes. The amplitude of the sin(phi) moment is 0.252 +/- 0.042(stat) +/- 0.020(sys). Theoretical calculations are in good agreement with the magnitude and t…
We address the question of interpolation of the virtual Compton scattering process off a polarized nucleon target between the deeply virtual regime for the initial-state photon and its near on-shell kinematics making use of the photon helicity-dependent Compton Form Factors (CFFs) as a main ingredient of the formalism. The five-fold differential cross section for the reaction with all possible polarization options for the lepton and nucleon spins is evaluated in terms of CFFs in the rest reference frame of the initial-state nucleon. We suggest a rather simple parametrization of the Compton had…
We evaluate the leading-order QED radiative corrections to the timelike Compton scattering (TCS) process $γp \to l^- l^+ p$. We study these corrections in two energy regimes using different models for the TCS amplitude. In the low-energy regime we calculate the contribution due to the proton and its lowest-energy excitation, the $Δ(1232)$ resonance. In the high-energy near-forward kinematical regime we calculate the TCS amplitude in a handbag approach in terms of Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs). On the level of cross sections we find the QED radiative corrections to be in the $5 -10\%$…
Prospects for future measurements of Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering at HERMES are studied using different simple models for parameterizations of generalized parton distributions (GPDs). Measurements of the lepton charge and lepton beam helicity asymmetry will yield important input for theoretical models towards the future extraction of GPDs.
We calculate spin, charge, and azimuthal asymmetries in deeply virtual Compton scattering at leading twist-two level. The measurement of these asymmetries gives an access to the imaginary and real part of all deeply virtual Compton scattering amplitudes. We note that a consistent description of this process requires taking into account twist-three contributions and give then a model dependent estimate of these asymmetries.
New data points for unpolarized Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering cross sections have been extracted from the E00-110 experiment at Q$^2$=1.9 GeV$^2$ effectively doubling the statistics available in the valence region. A careful study of systematic uncertainties has been performed.
We investigate the deeply virtual Compton scattering (DVCS) in the color dipole approach, implementing the dipole cross section through the saturation model, which interpolates successfully between soft and hard regimes. The imaginary and real part of the DVCS amplitude are obtained and the results are compared to the available data.
The dominance of the soft pomeron in soft high energy scattering and the evolution to the deeply virtual regime, predicted by perturbation theory, allow us to reveal generalized parton distributions from H1 and ZEUS measurements of deeply virtual Compton scattering. These distributions encode a holographic image of the proton, which will be presented.
We show that factorization holds for the deeply virtual Compton scattering amplitude in QCD, up to power suppressed terms, to all orders in perturbation theory. Furthermore, we show that the virtuality of the produced photon does not influence the general theorem.
In this work we consider the dilepton production via timelike Compton scattering (TCS) in electron-proton and proton-proton collisions. In particular, the differential cross section in terms of the dilepton invariant mass and rapidity is computed within the $k_T$-factorization approach. Besides, we utilize distinct unintegrated gluon distributions (UGD) in order to compare their impact on the differential cross section of TCS in $pp$ ($ep$) collisions evaluated at the LHC (LHeC), HL-LHC (LHeC), HE-LHC (LHeC) and FCC-hh (eh) center-of-mass energies.
Exclusive vector meson production and deeply virtual Compton scattering are ideally suited reactions for studying the structure of the proton and the transition from soft to hard processes. The main experimental data obtained at HERA are summarised and presented in the light of QCD approaches.
In this note, we present a new generator for Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering processes. This generator is based on formalism of Generalized Partons Distributions evolved at Next Leading Order (NLO). In the following we give a brief description of this formalism and we explain the main features of the generator for the elastic reactions, as well as for proton dissociation.
