独居与群居生殖的风险管理
Risk management of solitary and eusocial reproduction
摘要：
群居昆虫群落可以被视为生物组织的一种独特形式，因为它们的功能是超级有机体。了解自然选择如何作用于这些殖民地的出现和维持仍然是进化生物学和生态学的一个主要问题。在这里，我们探索这一点，通过使用多类型的分支过程来计算基本的生殖比和灭绝概率与真社会生殖策略。为了得到精确的数学结果，我们使用一个简单的单倍体，无性模型。在一般情况下，我们表明，Eusocial生殖策略是不可能实现的，除非大健身优势，获得生产的只有少数工人。这些健身优势最大限度地通过专性，而不是兼性eusocial战略。此外，我们发现，单独繁殖是“无与伦比的”，只要单独的生殖比超过一个临界值。在这些情况下，没有真正的社会参数存在，将减少他们的灭绝概率。我们的研究结果有助于解释为什么独居物种的数量超过了真社会的：真社会是一个高风险，高回报的策略，而独居繁殖是更好的风险管理。
英文摘要：
Social insect colonies can be seen as a distinct form of biological organization because they function as superorganisms. Understanding how natural selection acts on the emergence and maintenance of these colonies remains a major question in evolutionary biology and ecology. Here, we explore this by using multi-type branching processes to calculate the basic reproductive ratios and the extinction probabilities for solitary versus eusocial reproductive strategies. In order to derive precise mathematical results, we use a simple haploid, asexual model. In general, we show that eusocial reproductive strategies are unlikely to materialize unless large fitness advantages are gained by the production of only a few workers. These fitness advantages are maximized through obligate rather than facultative eusocial strategies. Furthermore, we find that solitary reproduction is `unbeatable' as long as the solitary reproductive ratio exceeds a critical value. In these cases, no eusocial parameters exist that would reduce their probability of extinction. Our results help to explain why the number of solitary species exceeds that of eusocial ones: eusociality is a high risk, high reward strategy, while solitary reproduction is better at risk management.
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