量子测量：量子光学实验学家的现代观点
Quantum Measurements: a modern view for quantum optics experimentalists
摘要：
在这些笔记中，基于2013年8月Les Houches量子光学和纳米光子学暑期学校的一部分讲座，我试图简要介绍量子测量的一些重要方法和现代趋势。我希望从一开始就明确指出，我明确回避“量子测量问题”，而本书的目的是阐明根据量子力学进行测量的各种方法的理论和实践，以及描述它们的各种形式。虽然治疗的必要性主要是理论上的，重点是实验的“观点”的测量-也就是说，把优先级的可能性，通过一些过程中获得信息，然后试图数学模型的过程，并考虑其后果，而不是强调一个特定的数学定义作为测量的必要条件。教科书上对测量的定义是对特定类型的算子进行的一组特定的数学运算，这一定义已经深入到我们的头脑中，以至于许多人都有这样一种不幸的倾向：“实验不能用厄米算符本征态的投影来描述，所以它不是真正的测量，当然，任何一个实验科学，如物理学的实践者都应该说：“那个实验允许我们测量某个东西，如果标准测量理论没有描述它，那么标准测量理论就是不完整的。”“理想化是重要的，但是当现实世界打破了理论中的近似时，必须固定的是理论，而不是现实世界。
英文摘要：
In these notes, based on lectures given as part of the Les Houches summer school on Quantum Optics and Nanophotonics in August, 2013, I have tried to give a brief survey of some important approaches and modern tendencies in quantum measurement. I wish it to be clear from the outset that I shy explicitly away from the "quantum measurement problem," and that the present treatment aims to elucidate the theory and practice of various ways in which measurements can, in light of quantum mechanics, be carried out; and various formalisms for describing them. While the treatment is by necessity largely theoretical, the emphasis is meant to be on an experimental "perspective" on measurement -- that is, to place the priority on the possibility of gaining information through some process, and then attempting to model that process mathematically and consider its ramifications, rather than stressing a particular mathematical definition as the {\it sine qua non} of measurement. The textbook definition of measurement as being a particular set of mathematical operations carried out on particular sorts of operators has been so well drilled into us that many have the unfortunate tendency of saying "that experiment can't be described by projections onto the eigenstates of a Hermitian operator, so it is not really a measurement," when of course any practitioner of an experimental science such as physics should instead say "that experiment allowed us to measure something, and if the standard theory of measurement does not describe it, the standard theory of measurement is incomplete." Idealisations are important, but when the real world breaks the approximations made in the theory, it is the theory which must be fixed, and not the real world.
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