低温非线性光学旋转各向异性谱仪用于晶体和电子对称性的测定
A Low Temperature Nonlinear Optical Rotational Anisotropy Spectrometer for the Determination of Crystallographic and Electronic Symmetries
摘要：
来自晶体材料的非线性光学产生可以揭示其晶格结构和潜在的有序电子相的对称性，因此可以被利用作为基于衍射的散射探针的补充技术。虽然这项技术已成功地用于研究晶格和磁性结构的系统，如半导体表面，多铁性晶体，磁性薄膜和多层，具有挑战性的技术要求，阻止了其应用到过多的复杂的电子相发现在强关联电子系统。这些要求包括在微米长度尺度下探测小块单晶的能力、对整个非线性光学磁化率张量的灵敏度的需要、倾斜光入射反射几何形状和入射光频率可调谐性等。由于需要极端的样品环境，例如超低温、高磁场或高压，这些测量进一步复杂化。在这篇综述中，我们提出了一种新的实验结构，使用旋转光散射平面，满足所有上述要求。我们证明了我们的计划的有效性，通过使用光学二次和三次谐波产生的一个小批量的Sr $_2$ IrO $_4$单晶的微米尺度的面上的对称性测量。
英文摘要：
Nonlinear optical generation from a crystalline material can reveal the symmetries of both its lattice structure and underlying ordered electronic phases and can therefore be exploited as a complementary technique to diffraction based scattering probes. Although this technique has been successfully used to study the lattice and magnetic structures of systems such as semiconductor surfaces, multiferroic crystals, magnetic thin films and multilayers, challenging technical requirements have prevented its application to the plethora of complex electronic phases found in strongly correlated electron systems. These requirements include an ability to probe small bulk single crystals at the micron length scale, a need for sensitivity to the entire nonlinear optical susceptibility tensor, oblique light incidence reflection geometry and incident light frequency tunability among others. These measurements are further complicated by the need for extreme sample environments such as ultra low temperatures, high magnetic fields or high pressures. In this review we present a novel experimental construction using a rotating light scattering plane that meets all the aforementioned requirements. We demonstrate the efficacy of our scheme by making symmetry measurements on a micron scale facet of a small bulk single crystal of Sr$_2$IrO$_4$ using optical second and third harmonic generation.
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