Towards Characterization of the Type IIP Supernova Progenitor Population: a Statistical Sample of Light Curves from Pan-STARRS1
N. E. Sanders, A. M. Soderberg, S. Gezari, M. Betancourt, R. Chornock, E. Berger, R. J. Foley, P. Challis, M. Drout, R. P. Kirshner, R. Lunnan, G. H. Marion, R.… 展开作者
N. E. Sanders, A. M. Soderberg, S. Gezari, M. Betancourt, R. Chornock, E. Berger, R. J. Foley, P. Challis, M. Drout, R. P. Kirshner, R. Lunnan, G. H. Marion, R. Margutti, R. McKinnon, D. Milisavljevic, G. Narayan, A. Rest, E. Kankare, S. Mattila, S. J. Smartt, M. E. Huber, W. S. Burgett, P. W. Draper, K. W. Hodapp, N. Kaiser, R. P. Kudritzki, E. A. Magnier, N. Metcalfe, J. S. Morgan, P. A. Price, J. L. Tonry, R. J. Wainscoat, C. Waters
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25 pages plus tables, 19 figures, V2 matches version published in ApJ
In recent years, wide-field sky surveys providing deep multi-band imaging have presented a new path for indirectly characterizing the progenitor populations of core-collapse supernovae (SN): systematic light curve studies. We assemble a set of 76 grizy-band Type IIP SN light curves from Pan-STARRS1, obtained over a constant survey program of 4 years and classified using both spectroscopy and machine learning-based photometric techniques. We develop and apply a new Bayesian model for the full multi-band evolution of each light curve in the sample. We find no evidence of a sub-population of fast-declining explosions (historically referred to as "Type IIL" SNe). However, we identify a highly significant relation between the plateau phase decay rate and peak luminosity among our SNe IIP. These results argue in favor of a single parameter, likely determined by initial stellar mass, predominantly controlling the explosions of red supergiants. This relation could also be applied for supernova cosmology, offering a standardizable candle good to an intrinsic scatter of 0.2 mag. We compare each light curve to physical models from hydrodynamic simulations to estimate progenitor initial masses and other properties of the Pan-STARRS1 Type IIP SN sample. We show that correction of systematic discrepancies between modeled and observed SN IIP light curve properties and an expanded grid of progenitor properties, are needed to enable robust progenitor inferences from multi-band light curve samples of this kind. This work will serve as a pathfinder for photometric studies of core-collapse SNe to be conducted through future wide field transient searches.
The progenitors of Type IIP supernovae (SNe) are known to be red supergiants, but their properties are not well determined. We employ hydrodynamical modelling to investigate the explosion characteristics of eight Type IIP supernovae, and the properties of their progenitor stars. We create evolutionary models using the {\sc MESA} stellar evolution code, explode these models, and simulate the optical lightcurves using the {\sc STELLA} code. We fit the optical lightcurves, Fe II 5169Å velocity, and photospheric velocity, to the observational data. Recent research has suggested that the progenitor…
SN 2004et is one of the nearest and best-observed Type IIP supernovae, with a progenitor detection as well as good photometric and spectroscopic observational coverage well into the nebular phase. Based on nucleosynthesis from stellar evolution/explosion models we apply spectral modeling to analyze its 140-700 day evolution from ultraviolet to mid-infrared. We find a M_ZAMS= 15 Msun progenitor star (with an oxygen mass of 0.8 Msun) to satisfactorily reproduce [O I] 6300, 6364 Å and other emission lines of carbon, sodium, magnesium, and silicon, while 12 Msun and 19 Msun models under- and overp…
Type IIP Supernovae (SNe) are expected to arise from Red Supergiant stars (RSGs). These stars have observed mass-loss rates that span more than two orders of magnitude, from $< 10^{-6}$ solar masses yr$^{-1}$ to almost $ 10^{-4} $ solar masses yr$^{-1}$. Thermal bremsstrahlung X-ray emission from at least some IIP's should reflect the larger end of the high mass-loss rates. Strangely, no IIP SNe are seen where the X-ray luminosity is large enough to suggest mass-loss rates greater than about $ 10^{-5} $ solar masses yr$^{-1}$. We investigate if this could be due to absorption of the X-ray emis…
We introduce the first synthetic light-curve model set of Type IIP supernovae exploded within circumstellar media in which the acceleration of the red supergiant winds is taken into account. Because wind acceleration makes the wind velocities near the progenitors low, the density of the immediate vicinity of the red supergiant supernova progenitors can be higher than that extrapolated by using a constant terminal wind velocity. Therefore, even if the mass-loss rate of the progenitor is relatively low, it can have a dense circumstellar medium at the immediate stellar vicinity and the early ligh…
We use the results of a supernova light-curve population synthesis to predict the range of possible supernova light curves arising from a population of single-star progenitors that lead to type IIP supernovae. We calculate multiple models varying the initial mass, explosion energy, nickel mass and nickel mixing and then compare these to type IIP supernovae with detailed light curve data and pre-explosion imaging progenitor constraints. Where a good fit is obtained to observations, we are able to achieve initial progenitor and nickel mass estimates from the supernova lightcurve that are compara…
Observations of core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe) reveal a wealth of information about the dynamics of the supernova ejecta and its composition but very little direct information about the progenitor. Constraining properties of the progenitor and the explosion requires coupling the observations with a theoretical model of the explosion. Here, we begin with the CCSN simulations of Couch et al 2020 ApJ 890 127, which use a non-parametric treatment of the neutrino transport while also accounting for turbulence and convection. In this work we use the SuperNova Explosion Code to evolve the CCSN hydr…
The majority of Type II-plateau supernovae (SNe IIP) have light curves that are not compatible with the explosions of stars in a vacuum; instead, the light curves require the progenitors to be embedded in circumstellar matter (CSM). We report on the successful fitting of the well-observed SN IIP 2021yja as a core-collapse explosion of a massive star with an initial mass of ~15 Msun and a pre-explosion radius of 631 Rsun. To explain the early-time behaviour of the broad-band light curves, the presence of 0.55 Msun CSM within ~2x10^14 cm is needed. Like many other SNe IIP, SN 2021yja exhibits an…
With the aim of improving our knowledge about the nature of the progenitors of low-luminosity Type II plateau supernovae (LL SNe IIP), we made radiation-hydrodynamical models of the well-sampled LL SNe IIP 2003Z, 2008bk and 2009md. For these three SNe we infer explosion energies of $0.16$-$0.18$ foe, radii at explosion of $1.8$-$3.5 \times 10^{13}$ cm, and ejected masses of $10$-$11.3$\Msun. The estimated progenitor mass on the main sequence is in the range $\sim 13.2$-$15.1$\Msun\, for SN 2003Z and $\sim 11.4$-$12.9$\Msun\, for SNe 2008bk and 2009md, in agreement with estimates from observati…
We identify a pre-explosion counterpart to the nearby Type IIP supernova ASASSN-16fq (SN 2016cok) in archival Hubble Space Telescope (HST) data. The source appears to be a blend of several stars that prevents obtaining accurate photometry. However, with reasonable assumptions about the stellar temperature and extinction, the progenitor almost certainly had an initial mass M<17Msun, and was most likely in the mass range 8-12Msun. Observations once ASASSN-16fq has faded will have no difficulty accurately determining the properties of the progenitor. In 8 years of Large Binocular Telescope (LBT) …
It has been well established from a variety of observations that red supergiants (RSGs) loose a lot of mass in stellar wind. Dust formed in this emitted gas over a few decades before core-collapse can lead to substantial extinction and obscure the intrinsic luminosity of the progenitor RSG. This may lead to a difficulty in determining the range of progenitor masses that lead to the different classes of supernovae. Even the nearby, well studied supernovae with pre-explosion observations, such as SN 2013ej may suffer from this uncertainty in the progenitor mass. We explore here two different mas…
We present the evolution of massive star progenitors of supernovae of type IIP. We take the example of the nearby and well-studied SN 2013ej. We explore how convective overshoot affects the stellar structure, surface abundances, and effective temperature of massive stars, using the Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics (MESA). In particular models with moderate overshoot ($f$ = 0.02 to 0.031) show the presence of blue loops in the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram with a red to blue [$log_{10}(T_{eff}/\rm K)$ from $< 3.6$ to $> 4.0$] excursion and transition back to red, during core helium…
The early rise of Type IIP supernovae (SN IIP) provides important information for constraining the properties of their progenitors. This can in turn be compared to pre-explosion imaging constraints and stellar models to develop a more complete picture of how massive stars evolve and end their lives. Using the SuperNova Explosion Code (SNEC), we model the first 40 days of SNe IIP to better understand what constraints can be derived from their early light curves. We use two sets of red supergiant progenitor models with zero-age main sequence masses in the range between 9 Msol and 20 Msol. We fin…
We investigate the properties of Type IIP supernovae that are dominantly powered by the rotational kinetic energy of the newly born neutron star. While the spin-down of a magnetar has previously been proposed as a viable energy source in the context of super-luminous supernovae, we show that a similar mechanism could produce both normal and peculiar Type IIP supernova light curves from red supergiant progenitors for a range of initial spin periods and equivalent dipole magnetic field strengths. Although the formation channel for such magnetars in a typical red supergiant progenitor is unknown,…
SN 2024abfl: A Low-Luminosity Type IIP Supernova in NGC 2146 from a Low-Mass Red Supergiant Progenitor
National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院国家天文台）；School of Physics and Astronomy, China West Normal University（西华师范大学物理与电子工程学院）；School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学天文与空间科学学院）；Institute for Frontiers in Astronomy and Astrophysics, Beijing Normal University（北京师范大学天文与空间科学学院前沿天文研究所）；School of Physics and Astronomy, Sun Yat-sen University（中山大学物理与天文学系）；CSST Science Center for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area, Sun Yat-sen University（中山大学粤港澳大湾区宇宙科学中心）；Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Napoli “Federico II”（那不勒斯费德里科二世大学物理系）
SN 2024abfl是来自低质量红超巨星前身的低光度IIP型超新星，其特征包括低平台光度、长平台持续时间及较低的抛射物速度。
We presented a detailed analysis of progenitor properties of type IIP supernova 2017eaw in NGC 6946, based on the pre-explosion images and early-time observations obtained immediately after the explosion. An unusually red star, with M$_{F814W}$ = $-$6.9 mag and m$_{F606W}$$-$ m$_{F814W}=$2.9$\pm$0.2 mag, can be identified at the SN position in the pre-discovery Hubble Space Telescope(HST) images taken in 2016. The observed spectral energy distribution of this star, covering the wavelength of 0.6-2.0$\ \mathrm{μm}$, matches that of an M4-type red supergiant (RSG) with a temperature of about 355…
We present optical imaging and spectroscopy of supernova (SN) LSQ13fn, a type II supernova with several hitherto-unseen properties. Although it initially showed strong symmetric spectral emission features attributable to \ion{He}{ii}, \ion{N}{iii}, and \ion{C}{iii}, reminiscent of some interacting SNe, it transitioned into an object that would fall more naturally under a type II-Plateau (IIP) classification. However, its spectral evolution revealed several unusual properties: metal lines appeared later than expected, were weak, and some species were conspicuous by their absence. Furthermore, t…
High-quality collections of Type II supernova (SN) light curves are scarce because they evolve for hundreds of days, making follow-up observations time consuming and often extending over multiple observing seasons. In light of these difficulties, the diversity of SNe II is not fully understood. Here we present ultraviolet and optical photometry of 12 SNe II monitored by the Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network (LCOGT) during 2013-2014, and compare them with previously studied SNe having well-sampled light curves. We explore SN II diversity by searching for correlations between the …
Subluminous Type IIP SN 2024abfl as a Result of a Significantly Low-energy Fe-core Collapse
Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University（李政道研究所，上海交通大学）；Indian Institute of Astrophysics（印度天体物理研究所）；Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University（奥斯卡·克莱因中心，斯德哥尔摩大学天文学系）；Pondicherry University（本地治里大学）；Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)（科学与创新研究学院）
本文通过多波段测光和低分辨率光谱观测，研究了极低光度 IIP 型超新星 SN 2024abfl，发现其具有极平坦的光变平台和低膨胀速度，通过一维流体动力学模型得出其前身星质量上限为 10 太阳质量，爆发能量极低（≤0.05 foe），镍质量仅 0.003 太阳质量，为低能核坍缩爆炸提供了重要约束。
The distribution of stars in the Hertzsprung Russell diagram (HRD) for a stellar conglomeration represents a snapshot of its evolving stellar population. Some of the supergiant stars may transit the HRD from blue to red and then again to blue during their late evolutionary stages, as exemplified by the progenitor of SN 1987A. Others may transit a given part of the HRD more than twice in a "blue loop" and end up as red supergiants before they explode. Since stars in blue loops spend a considerable part of their lives there, these stages may change the relative number of modeled supergiants in t…
We present multi-band photometry and spectroscopy of SN 2018cuf, a Type IIP ("P" for plateau) supernova (SN) discovered by the Distance Less Than 40 Mpc survey (DLT40) within 24 hours of explosion. SN 2018cuf appears to be a typical Type IIP SN, with an absolute $V$-band magnitude of $-$16.73 $\pm$ 0.32 at maximum and a decline rate of 0.21 $\pm$ 0.05 mag/50d during the plateau phase. The distance of the object is constrained to be 41.8 $\pm$ 5.7 Mpc by using the expanding photosphere method. We use spectroscopic and photometric observations from the first year after the explosion to constrain…
Extensive photometric and spectroscopic observations are presented for SN 2014cx, a type IIP supernova (SN) exploding in the nearby galaxy NGC 337. The observations are performed in optical and ultraviolet bands, covering from -20 to +400 days from the peak light. The stringent detection limit from prediscovery images suggests that this supernova was actually detected within about 1 day after explosion. Evolution of the very early-time light curve of SN 2014cx is similar to that predicted from a shock breakout and post-shock cooling decline before reaching the optical peak. Our photometric obs…
We show how the dense shells of circumstellar gas immediately outside the red supergiants (RSGs) can affect the early optical light curves of Type II-P SNe taking the example of SN 2013ej. The peak in V, R and I bands, decline rate after peak and plateau length are found to be strongly influenced by the dense CSM formed due to enhanced mass loss during the oxygen and silicon burning stage of the progenitor. We find that the required explosion energy for the progenitors with CSM is reduced by almost a factor of 2.
Context: The study of radio emission from core-collapse supernovae (SNe) probes the interaction of the ejecta with the circumstellar medium (CSM) and reveals details of the mass-loss history of the progenitor. Aims: We report observations of the type IIP supernova SN\,2016X during the plateau phase, at ages between 21 and 75 days, obtained with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) radio observatory. Methods: We modelled the radio spectra as self-absorbed synchrotron emission, and we characterised the shockwave and the mass-loss rate of the progenitor. We also combined our results with pre…
SN 2025aedz: A typical short-plateau type IIP supernova with rapid post-peak decline
Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院云南天文台）；INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova（意大利国家天体物理研究所帕多瓦天文台）；Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian（哈佛史密森尼天体物理中心）
We present one year of optical and near-infrared photometry and spectroscopy of the Type IIP SNe 2013K and 2013am. Both objects are affected by significant extinction, due to their location in dusty regions of their respective host galaxies, ESO 009-10 and NGC 3623 (M65). From the photospheric to nebular phases, these objects display spectra congruent with those of underluminous Type IIP SNe (i.e. the archetypal SNe 1997D or 2005cs), showing low photospheric velocities (~2 X 10**3 km/s at 50d) together with features arising from Ba II which are particularly prominent in faint SNe IIP. The peak…
While interaction with circumstellar material is known to play an important role in Type IIn supernovae (SNe), analyses of the more common SNe IIP and IIL have not traditionally included interaction as a significant power source. However, recent campaigns to observe SNe within days of explosion have revealed narrow emission lines of high-ionization species in the earliest spectra of luminous SNe II of all subclasses. These "flash ionization" features indicate the presence of a confined shell of material around the progenitor star. Here we present the first low-luminosity (LL) SN to show flash …
We present extensive ultraviolet (UV) and optical photometry, as well as dense optical spectroscopy for type II Plateau (IIP) supernova SN 2016X that exploded in the nearby ($\sim$ 15 Mpc) spiral galaxy UGC 08041. The observations span the period from 2 to 180 days after the explosion; in particular, the Swift UV data probably captured the signature of shock breakout associated with the explosion of SN 2016X. It shows very strong UV emission during the first week after explosion, with contribution of $\sim$ 20 -- 30% to the bolometric luminosity (versus $\lesssim$ 15% for normal SNe IIP). More…
Stars in the mass range from 8 to 10 solar masses are expected to produce one of two types of supernovae (SNe), either electron-capture supernovae (ECSNe) or core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe), depending on their previous evolution. Either of the associated progenitors retain extended and massive hydrogen-rich envelopes, the observables of these SNe are, therefore, expected to be similar. In this study we explore the differences in these two types of SNe. Specifically, we investigate three different progenitor models: a solar-metallicity ECSN progenitor with an initial mass of 8.8 solar masses, …
Herein we analyse late-time (post-plateau; 103 < t < 1229 d) optical spectra of low-redshift (z < 0.016), hydrogen-rich Type IIP supernovae (SNe IIP). Our newly constructed sample contains 91 nebular spectra of 38 SNe IIP, which is the largest dataset of its kind ever analysed in one study, and many of the objects have complementary photometric data. We determined the peak and total luminosity, velocity of the peak, HWHM intensity, and profile shape for many emission lines. Temporal evolution of these values and various flux ratios are studied. We also investigate the correlations between thes…
Low-Luminosity Type IIP Supernovae from the Zwicky Transient Facility Census of the Local Universe. II: Lightcurve Analysis
California Institute of Technology（加州理工学院）；Stockholm University（斯德哥尔摩大学）；SOKENDAI（日本综合研究大学院大学）；National Astronomical Observatory of Japan（日本国立天文台）；National Institutes of Natural Sciences（国立自然科学研究院）；Monash University（蒙纳士大学）；Liverpool John Moores University（利物浦约翰摩尔斯大学）；University of Washington（华盛顿大学）
SN2024abfl: A Low-Luminosity Type IIP Supernova at the Low-Mass End of Core Collapse
Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院云南天文台）；International Centre of Supernovae (ICESUN), Yunnan Key Laboratory of Supernova Research（超新星国际中心（ICESUN），云南省超新星研究重点实验室）；University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学）；Physics Department, Tsinghua University（清华大学物理系）
AT 2024ahzi: A Type IIP Supernova Discovered by the LSST Commissioning Camera
Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian（天体物理中心）；Michigan State University（密歇根州立大学）；Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute（计算天体物理中心，平顿研究所）；University of California, Santa Cruz（加州大学圣克鲁兹分校）；DARK, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen（哥本哈根大学尼尔斯·玻尔研究所 DARK 中心）；INAF（意大利国家天体物理研究所）
Type IIP supernova progenitors are often surrounded by dense circumstellar media that may result from mass-loss enhancement of the progenitors shortly before their explosions. Previous light-curve studies suggest that the mass-loss rates are enhanced up to ~ 0.1 Msun/yr, assuming a constant wind velocity. However, density of circumstellar media at the immediate stellar vicinity can be much higher than previously inferred for a given mass-loss rate if wind acceleration is taken into account. We show that the wind acceleration has a huge impact when we estimate mass-loss rates from early light c…
SN 2009kf is an exceptionally bright Type IIP Supernova (SN IIP) discovered by the Pan-STARRS 1 survey. The $V$-band magnitude at the plateau phase is $M_{V} = -18.4$ mag, which is much brighter than typical SNe IIP. We propose that its unusual properties can be naturally explained, if we assume that there was an super-Eddington energy injection into the envelope in the last few years of the evolution before the SN explosion. Using a progenitor model with such an pre-SN energy injection, we can fit the observational data of SN 2009kf with the reasonable explosion energy of $E_{\mathrm{exp}} = …
We present spectroscopic and photometric observations of the Type IIP supernova, SN 2020jfo, in ultraviolet and optical wavelengths. SN 2020jfo occurred in the spiral galaxy M61 (NGC 4303), with eight observed supernovae in the past 100 years. SN 2020jfo exhibited a short plateau lasting < 65 d, and achieved a maximum brightness in V-band of $M_V$ = -17.4 $\pm$ 0.4 mag at about 8.0 $\pm$ 0.5 d since explosion. From the bolometric light curve, we have estimated the mass of $^{56}$Ni synthesised in the explosion to be 0.033 $\pm$ 0.006 $M_\odot$. The observed spectral features are typical for a …
Type II-plateau supernovae (SNe IIP) are the most numerous subclass of core-collapse SNe originating from massive stars. In the framework of the neutrino-driven explosion mechanism, we study the SN outburst properties for a red supergiant progenitor model and compare the corresponding light curves with observations of the ordinary Type IIP SN 1999em. Three-dimensional (3D) simulations of (parametrically triggered) neutrino-driven explosions are performed with the (explicit, finite-volume, Eulerian, multifluid hydrodynamics) code PROMETHEUS, using a presupernova model of a 15 Msun star as initi…
Photometric and spectroscopic data for two Low Luminosity Type IIP Supernovae (LL SNe IIP) are presented. SN 2020cxd reaches a peak absolute magnitude $M_{r}$ = -13.90 $\pm$ 0.05 mag two days after explosion, subsequently settling on a plateau for $\sim$120 days. Through the luminosity of the late light curve tail, we infer a synthesized $^{56}$Ni mass of (1.8$\pm$0.5) $\times$ 10$^{-3}$ M$_{\odot}$. During the early evolutionary phases, optical spectra show a blue continuum ($T$ $>$ 8000 K) with broad Balmer lines displaying a P Cygni profile, while at later phases Ca II, Fe II, Sc II and Ba …
We present optical photometry and spectroscopy from about a week after explosion to $\sim$272 d of an atypical Type IIP supernova, SN 2015ba, which exploded in the edge-on galaxy IC 1029. SN 2015ba is a luminous event with an absolute V-band magnitude of -17.1$\pm$0.2 mag at 50 d since explosion and has a long plateau lasting for $\sim$123 d. The distance to the SN is estimated to be 34.8$\pm$0.7 Mpc using the expanding photosphere and standard candle methods. High-velocity H-Balmer components constant with time are observed in the late-plateau phase spectra of SN 2015ba, which suggests a poss…
We present a detailed analysis of SN 2020qmp, a nearby type IIP core-collapse supernova (CCSN), discovered by the Palomar Gattini-IR (PGIR) survey in the galaxy UGC07125. We illustrate how the multiwavelength study of this event helps our general understanding of stellar progenitors and circumstellar medium (CSM) interactions in CCSNe. We also highlight the importance of near-infrared (NIR) surveys for early detections of SNe in dusty environments. SN 2020qmp displays characteristic hydrogen lines in its optical spectra, as well as a plateau in its optical LC, hallmarks of a type IIP SN. We do…
The availability of updated model atmospheres for red supergiants and improvements in single and binary stellar evolution models, as well as previously unpublished data prompted us to revisit the progenitor of low-luminosity type II-Plateau supernova, SN 2008bk. Using mid-IR data in combination with dust models, we find that high temperature (4250-4500 K), high extinction (E(B-V)>0.7) solutions are incompatible with the data. We therefore favour a cool (~3500-3700 K) progenitor with a luminosity of log(L/Lsun)~4.53. Comparing with evolutionary tracks, we infer progenitor masses in the 8-10 Msu…
We present optical and near-infrared observations of a low-luminosity Type IIP supernova (SN) 2016bkv from the initial rising phase to the plateau phase. Our observations show that the end of the plateau is extended to $\gtrsim 140$ days since the explosion, indicating that this SN takes one of the longest time to finish the plateau phase. among Type IIP SNe (SNe IIP), including low-luminosity (LL) SNe IIP. The line velocities of various ions at the middle of the plateau phase are as low as 1,000--1,500 km s$^{-1}$, which is the lowest even among LL SNe IIP. These measurements imply that the e…
SN 2020bij and a Possible Slow-Rise High-Velocity Subclass of Type IIP Supernovae
The School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University（特拉维夫大学物理与天文学学院）；McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology（麻省理工学院麦戈文脑研究所）；LSSTC Catalyst Fellow（LSSTC催化剂研究员）；Steward Observatory, University of Arizona（亚利桑那大学斯图尔德天文台）；Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of California, San Diego（加州大学圣地亚哥分校天体物理学系）；The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University（斯德哥尔摩大学天文学奥谢·克莱因中心）；Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC)（加泰罗尼亚空间研究学院）；Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC)（空间科学研究所（CSIC））；Astrophysics Division, National Centre for Nuclear Research（国家核研究中心天体物理部）；European Southern Observatory（欧洲南方天文台）；Astronomical Observatory, University of Warsaw（华沙大学天文台）；Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science（魏茨曼科学研究所粒子物理与天体物理学系）
We present multi-band photometric and spectroscopic observations of the type II supernova, (SN) 2019va, which shows an unusually flat plateau-phase evolution in its V-band light curve. Its pseudo-bolometric light curve even shows a weak brightening towards the end of the plateau phase. These uncommon features are related to the influence of 56Ni decay on the light curve during the plateau phase, when the SN emission is usually dominated by cooling of the envelope. The inferred 56Ni mass of SN 2019va is 0.088+/-0.018 solar mass, which is significantly larger than most SNe II. To estimate the in…
SN 2022xus: bridging the gap between Type IIP and IIL supernovae
Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences（阿里亚巴塔观测科学研究所）；Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University（马哈特马·乔提巴·普尔罗希尔坎德大学）；Department of Applied Optics and Photonics, University of Calcutta（加尔各答大学应用光学与光子学系）；Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera（意大利国家天体物理研究所，布雷拉天文台）；Steward Observatory, University of Arizona（亚利桑那大学斯图尔德天文台）；Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara（加州大学圣塔芭芭拉分校物理系）；Johns Hopkins University（约翰斯·霍普金斯大学）
We present densely-sampled UBVRI/griz photometric and low-resolution (6-10A) optical spectroscopic observations from 4 to 270 days after explosion of a newly discovered type II SN 2012aw in a nearby (~9.9 Mpc) galaxy M95. The light-curve characteristics of apparent magnitudes, colors, bolometric luminosity and the presence and evolution of prominent spectral features are found to have striking similarity with the archetypal IIP SNe 1999em, 1999gi and 2004et. The early time observations of SN 2012aw clearly detect minima in the light-curve of V, R and I bands near 37 days after explosion and th…
Low-Luminosity Type IIP Supernovae from the Zwicky Transient Facility Census of the Local Universe. I: Luminosity Function, Volumetric Rate
California Institute of Technology（加州理工学院）；Stockholm University（斯德哥尔摩大学）；Liverpool John Moores University（利物浦约翰摩尔大学）；MIT-Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research（麻省理工学院-卡弗里天体物理与空间研究所）；University of Washington（华盛顿大学）；The Ohio State University（俄亥俄州立大学）；Stanford University（斯坦福大学）
