现实与虚构中的性别不对称：社交媒体的贝克德尔测试
Gender Asymmetries in Reality and Fiction: The Bechdel Test of Social Media
摘要：
性别不平等的主观性质促使人们分析和比较真实和虚构的人类互动数据。我们提出了一个计算扩展的Bechdel测试：一个流行的工具，以评估如果一部电影包含一个男性性别偏见，通过寻找两个女性角色谁讨论的东西除了一个男人。我们提供的工具来量化Bechdel分数为两种性别，我们衡量他们在电影剧本和MySpace和Twitter的用户之间的对话的大型数据集。比较电影和社交媒体用户，我们发现电影和Twitter对话具有一致的男性偏见，这在分析MySpace时不会出现。此外，Twitter的叙事更接近那些没有通过Bechdel测试的电影，而不是那些通过它的电影。我们将电影的属性与分享这些电影预告片的用户联系起来。我们的分析揭示了通过Bechdel测试的电影的一些特殊性：它们的预告片不太受欢迎，女性用户比男性用户更有可能分享它们，并且分享它们的用户往往与男性用户互动较少。基于我们的数据集，我们定义了性别独立测量，以分析社会的性别偏见，如通过在线行为的数字痕迹所表现的那样。使用Twitter用户的个人资料信息，我们发现更大的性别独立的城市用户相比，农村的。此外，父母的性别不对称性较大，而学生的性别不对称性较小。性别不对称在美国各州各不相同，随着平均收入和纬度的增加而增加。这指出了性别不平等与社会的社会，经济和文化因素之间的关系，以及性别角色如何存在于虚构叙事和公共在线对话中。
英文摘要：
The subjective nature of gender inequality motivates the analysis and comparison of data from real and fictional human interaction. We present a computational extension of the Bechdel test: A popular tool to assess if a movie contains a male gender bias, by looking for two female characters who discuss about something besides a man. We provide the tools to quantify Bechdel scores for both genders, and we measure them in movie scripts and large datasets of dialogues between users of MySpace and Twitter. Comparing movies and users of social media, we find that movies and Twitter conversations have a consistent male bias, which does not appear when analyzing MySpace. Furthermore, the narrative of Twitter is closer to the movies that do not pass the Bechdel test than to those that pass it. We link the properties of movies and the users that share trailers of those movies. Our analysis reveals some particularities of movies that pass the Bechdel test: Their trailers are less popular, female users are more likely to share them than male users, and users that share them tend to interact less with male users. Based on our datasets, we define gender independence measurements to analyze the gender biases of a society, as manifested through digital traces of online behavior. Using the profile information of Twitter users, we find larger gender independence for urban users in comparison to rural ones. Additionally, the asymmetry between genders is larger for parents and lower for students. Gender asymmetry varies across US states, increasing with higher average income and latitude. This points to the relation between gender inequality and social, economical, and cultural factors of a society, and how gender roles exist in both fictional narratives and public online dialogues.
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