财富不平等的行为和网络起源：来自虚拟世界的见解
Behavioral and Network Origins of Wealth Inequality: Insights from a Virtual World
摘要：
几乎普遍的情况是，财富在社会或经济体中的分配并不均匀。尽管财富数据已经以各种形式收集了几个世纪，但观察到的财富差距和社会不平等的根源尚未完全了解。特别是人类行为对财富的影响和联系，迄今为止还无法从数据中推断出来。在这里，我们研究了大型多人在线游戏（MMOG）Pardus虚拟经济的财富数据。这些数据不仅包含每个玩家在每个时间点的财富，还包含每个玩家在近十年的时间跨度内的所有行为。我们发现虚拟世界的财富分配与西方国家非常相似。特别是，我们发现一个近似的指数低财富和幂律尾部。基尼系数为$g=0.65$，与许多西方国家的指数接近。我们发现，财富增长率取决于玩家进入游戏的时间。早期进入游戏的玩家往往比后来加入的玩家拥有更高的财富增长率。通过研究参与者在其社交网络中的位置，我们发现在贸易网络中的位置与财富最相关。富人在贸易网络中的进出度较高，最近邻度较低，聚集系数较低。富有的玩家有许多相互的友谊，在社交上受到他人的尊重，但花在商业上的时间比社交多。我们发现，没有组织在至少有三个成员的社会群体中的玩家平均来说明显更穷。我们注意到，高“政治”地位和高财富是齐头并进的。富有的玩家很少有个人敌人，但对表现为公众敌人的玩家表现出敌意。
英文摘要：
Almost universally, wealth is not distributed uniformly within societies or economies. Even though wealth data have been collected in various forms for centuries, the origins for the observed wealth-disparity and social inequality are not yet fully understood. Especially the impact and connections of human behavior on wealth could so far not be inferred from data. Here we study wealth data from the virtual economy of the massive multiplayer online game (MMOG) Pardus. This data not only contains every player's wealth at every point in time, but also all actions of every player over a timespan of almost a decade. We find that wealth distributions in the virtual world are very similar to those in western countries. In particular we find an approximate exponential for low wealth and a power-law tail. The Gini index is found to be $g=0.65$, which is close to the indices of many Western countries. We find that wealth-increase rates depend on the time when players entered the game. Players that entered the game early on tend to have remarkably higher wealth-increase rates than those who joined later. Studying the players' positions within their social networks, we find that the local position in the trade network is most relevant for wealth. Wealthy people have high in- and out-degree in the trade network, relatively low nearest-neighbor degree and a low clustering coefficient. Wealthy players have many mutual friendships and are socially well respected by others, but spend more time on business than on socializing. We find that players that are not organized within social groups with at least three members are significantly poorer on average. We observe that high `political' status and high wealth go hand in hand. Wealthy players have few personal enemies, but show animosity towards players that behave as public enemies.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
