自我重叠的分析揭示了浮游生物游泳轨迹的权衡
Analysis of self-overlap reveals trade-offs in plankton swimming trajectories
摘要：
运动是生物体的一种基本行为，它带来与资源和配偶的有益接触，但同时也使生物体面临与捕食者的危险接触。生物体所采用的运动模式应该反映出这些对立过程之间的平衡。这种权衡可以假设为浮游生物的行为是明显的，浮游生物居住在一个稀释的3D环境中，几乎没有避难所或定向地标。我们提出了一个分析的游泳路径的几何形状的基础上的体积蒙特卡罗采样方法，这是特别善于揭示这种权衡通过测量的轨迹的自重叠。应用这种方法的实验测量的轨迹表明，桡足类的游泳模式的形状，以有效地探索体积在小尺度上，同时实现在较大尺度上的大重叠。在观察到的轨迹的规律性，使这两个政权之间的过渡总是比在随机轨迹或随机游走理论预测尖锐。因此，真实的轨迹在寻找食物和暴露于捕食者之间呈现出更强的分离。这种转变的具体规模和特征取决于物种，性别和当地的环境条件，适应国家和阶段依赖的进化权衡。
英文摘要：
Movement is a fundamental behaviour of organisms that brings about beneficial encounters with resources and mates, but at the same time exposes the organism to dangerous encounters with predators. The movement patterns adopted by organisms should reflect a balance between these contrasting processes. This trade-off can be hypothesized as being evident in the behaviour of plankton, which inhabit a dilute 3D environment with few refuges or orienting landmarks. We present an analysis of the swimming path geometries based on a volumetric Monte Carlo sampling approach, which is particularly adept at revealing such trade-offs by measuring the self-overlap of the trajectories. Application of this method to experimentally measured trajectories reveals that swimming patterns in copepods are shaped to efficiently explore volumes at small scales, while achieving a large overlap at larger scales. Regularities in the observed trajectories make the transition between these two regimes always sharper than in randomized trajectories or as predicted by random walk theory. Thus real trajectories present a stronger separation between exploration for food and exposure to predators. The specific scale and features of this transition depend on species, gender, and local environmental conditions, pointing at adaptation to state and stage dependent evolutionary trade-offs.
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