Spitzer UltRa Faint SUrvey Program (SURFS UP) I: An Overview
Maruša Bradač, Russell Ryan, Stefano Casertano, Kuang-Han Huang, Brian C. Lemaux, Tim Schrabback, Anthony H. Gonzalez, Steve Allen, Benjamin Cain, Mike Gladders… 展开作者
Maruša Bradač, Russell Ryan, Stefano Casertano, Kuang-Han Huang, Brian C. Lemaux, Tim Schrabback, Anthony H. Gonzalez, Steve Allen, Benjamin Cain, Mike Gladders, Nicholas Hall, Hendrik Hildebrandt, Joannah Hinz, Anja von der Linden, Lori Lubin, Tommaso Treu, Dennis Zaritsky
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14 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ
SURFSUP is a joint Spitzer and HST Exploration Science program using 10 galaxy clusters as cosmic telescopes to study z >~ 7 galaxies at intrinsically lower luminosities, enabled by gravitational lensing, than blank field surveys of the same exposure time. Our main goal is to measure stellar masses and ages of these galaxies, which are the most likely sources of the ionizing photons that drive reionization. Accurate knowledge of the star formation density and star formation history at this epoch is necessary to determine whether these galaxies indeed reionized the universe. Determination of the stellar masses and ages requires measuring rest frame optical light, which only Spitzer can probe for sources at z >~ 7, for a large enough sample of typical galaxies. Our program consists of 550 hours of Spitzer/IRAC imaging covering 10 galaxy clusters with very well-known mass distributions, making them extremely precise cosmic telescopes. We combine our data with archival observations to obtain mosaics with ~30 hours exposure time in both 3.6$μ$m and 4.5$μ$m in the central 4 arcmin x 4 arcmin field and ~15 hours in the flanking fields. This results in 3-$σ$ sensitivity limits of ~26.6 and ~26.2AB magnitudes for the central field in the IRAC 3.6 and 4.5$μ$m bands, respectively. To illustrate the survey strategy and characteristics we introduce the sample, present the details of the data reduction and demonstrate that these data are sufficient for in-depth studies of z >~ 7 sources (using a z=9.5 galaxy behind MACSJ1149.5+2223 as an example). For the first cluster of the survey (the Bullet Cluster) we have released all high-level data mosaics and IRAC empirical PSF models. In the future we plan to release these data products for the entire survey.
Deep Spitzer observations of infrared-faint radio sources: high-redshift radio-loud AGN?
弱射电源(IFRSs)是一类罕见的物体,在无线电波长相对明亮,但在红外和光学波长非常微弱。在这里,我们提出了敏感的近红外观测这些来源的样本作为斯皮策河外代表性体积调查(SERVS)的一部分。几乎所有的IFRS在~ 1 μ $Jy in these new deep observations, and even the detections are consistent with confusion with unrelated galaxies. A stacked image implies that the median flux density is $ S_{3.6μm} ~ 0.2 $ μ$ Jy或更低的水平下都未被检测到,给出了无线电-红外通量密度比的极值。将这些天体与已知的天体类别进行比较表明,大多数可能是高红移射电响亮星系,可能遭受重大的尘埃灭绝。
Evidence for Infrared-Faint Radio Sources as z > 1 Radio-Loud AGN
暗射电源(英语:Inferred-Faint Radio Source,缩写IFRS)是在澳大利亚望远镜大区域巡天(英语:Australia Telescope Large Area Survey)中发现的一类射电源,在斯皮策广域河外红外线巡天(英语:Spitzer Wide-area Infrared Extragaltic)中没有可观测到的中红外线对应物。扩展后的Chandra Deep Field South现在有更深的斯皮策成像(3.6至70微米),来自一些传统的调查。我们报告了两个IFRS源在IRAC图像中的检测。另外两个IFRS的未检测允许我们限制源类型。对这些天体的SED的详细模拟表明,它们与高红移(z > 1)活动星系核相一致。
Spitzer bright, UltraVISTA faint sources in COSMOS: the contribution to the overall population of massive galaxies at z=3-7
我们分析了UltraVISTA超深COSMOS场上574个斯皮策4.5微米选择星系的样本,[4.5] <23 and Ks_auto>24(AB)。我们的目标是调查这些中红外明亮,近红外暗淡的来源是否对红移z>=3的大质量星系的总体人口有显着贡献。通过使用多达30个光度带进行光谱能量分布(SED)分析,我们已经确定了我们的样品峰的红移分布在红移z~2.5-3.0,约32%的星系位于z>=3。我们研究了在高红移下这些源对星系恒星质量函数(GSMF)的贡献。我们发现,[4.5]<23,Ks_auto>24的星系对先前在3=<z<4时Ks_auto<24的源所确定的GSMF产生的变化可以忽略不计,但在4=<z<5时它们的贡献更重要,占恒星质量Mst>~6 x 10^10 Msun的星系的>~50%。我们还将GSMF限制在z>=5时的最高质量端(Mst>~2 x 10^11 Msun)。根据它们在5=<z<6处的存在,以及在较高红移处的实际不存在,我们可以相当精确地确定第一个最大质量星系出现的时刻发生在z~6和z~5之间的约0.2 Gyr的时间内。或者,如果非常大的星系在宇宙时间的早期就存在,它们应该被大量的尘埃遮蔽,从而超出当前大面积深近红外探测的探测极限。
S-CANDELS: The Spitzer-Cosmic Assembly Near-Infrared Deep Extragalactic Survey. Survey Design, Photometry, and Deep IRAC Source Counts
斯皮策宇宙大会深近红外河外遗产调查(S-CANDELS; PI G。Fazio)是一个第8周期的探索计划,旨在探测非常高红移(z > 5)的星系。为了减轻宇宙变化的影响,并利用哈勃空间望远镜多周期财政计划CANDELS在多个波段的深度同延覆盖,S-CANDELS在五个相距甚远的河外区域进行:UKIDSS超深巡天、扩展钱德拉深场南、COSMOS、HST深场北和扩展格罗斯带。S-CANDELS建立在斯皮策扩展深度调查(SEDS)现有的这些领域的覆盖范围之上,将积分时间从12小时增加到总共50小时,但在较小的区域内,0.16平方度。额外的深度显著增加了微弱星等下的勘测完整性。本文介绍了S-CANDELS调查的设计、处理和公开提供的数据产品。我们目前的IRAC双波段3.6+4.5微米目录达到26.5 AB MAG的深度。深IRAC计数的大约135,000个星系检测的S-CANDELS是一致的模型的基础上已知的星系种群。比早期斯皮策/IRAC调查更深的深度增加并没有揭示离散源对弥漫的宇宙红外背景(CIB)的显着额外贡献。因此,它仍然是正确的,只有大约一半的估计CIB通量从COBE/DIRBE解决。
Spitzer IRAC Low Surface Brightness Observations of the Virgo Cluster
我们目前的3.6和4.5微米斯皮策IRAC成像超过0.77平方度的室女星系团核心的目的是了解低表面亮度的形成机制的集群内的光功能。比信号高出数百倍的仪器和天体物理背景被仔细表征和去除。我们研究了巨大椭圆星系M87的团内光羽和外晕。对于两个团内光羽,我们使用光学颜色来限制它们的年龄分别大于3和5 Gyr。IRAC通量的上限限制了质量的上限,光学检测限制了质量的下限。在这第一次测量团内轻羽流的质量时,我们发现我们所覆盖的两个羽流的质量范围分别为5.5 x 10^8 - 4.5 x 10^9和2.1 x 10^8 - 1.5 x 10^9太阳质量。考虑到它们的预期寿命很短,以及这些类型的流的恒定生产率,在室女座的一生中,它们可以解释星团的ICL总含量,这意味着我们不需要调用ICL形成机制,而不是引力机制导致明亮的羽流。我们还研究了巨大的椭圆形M87的外晕。从M87的内晕到外晕(160 Kpc)的颜色轮廓与平坦或光学蓝色梯度一致,其中蓝色梯度可能是由于更年轻或更低的金属量恒星在更大的半径。由红外和光学颜色预测的年龄的相似性(>几Gyr)表明,光学测量并没有强烈的尘埃消光的影响。
Simulations of the cosmic infrared and submillimeter background for future large surveys: II. Removing the low-redshift contribution to the anisotropies using stacking