19世纪确定太阳视差的国际运动--US海军远征南半球1849 - 1852
An international campaign of the 19th century to determine the solar parallax - The US Naval expedition to the southern hemisphere 1849 - 1852
摘要：
1847年，德国马尔堡的克里斯蒂安·路德维希·戈林（Christian Ludwig Gerling）建议通过测量金星在下合点附近的位置来确定太阳视差，特别是在静止点，从几乎相同子午线但纬度相差很大的天文台。James M.新成立的美国海军天文台的天文学家吉利斯热情地采纳了这个想法，并为美国年轻的天文学界获得了一笔前往智利的探险经费。在那里，他们观察了金星和火星的几个合相，同时在华盛顿特区的美国海军天文台和美国剑桥的哈佛大学天文台进行了相应的测量。这次探险得到了A. V. Humboldt，C.F. Gaueland，J.F.南卡罗来纳州恩克Walker，A. D. Bache，B.皮尔斯和其他人。从1849年到1852年，不仅有天文观测，而且还有气象和地磁观测和测量记录，主要是在智利圣地亚哥附近的圣卢西亚。通过将这些测量结果与世界各地其他天文台同时进行的测量结果进行比较，可以计算出太阳视差，尽管来自相应北部天文台的不完整数据威胁到了该项目的成功。回顾起来，这次探险可以被认为是智利天文学的基础。智利国家天文台的首任台长是C.W.博士。莫埃斯塔是克里斯蒂安·路德维希·戈林的黑森学生。在这次考察中，德国、美国和其他国家的天文学家之间的数据交换得到了J. G. Flügel，美利坚合众国领事和史密森学会在欧洲的代表，谁在培养美国不断增长的科学界和当时在欧洲建立良好的科学界之间的关系方面发挥了重要作用。
英文摘要：
In 1847 Christian Ludwig Gerling, Marburg (Germany), suggested the solar parallax to be determined by measuring the position of Venus close to its inferior conjunction, especially at the stationary points, from observatories on nearly the same meridian but widely differing in latitude. James M. Gilliss,astronomer at the newly founded U.S. Naval Observatory, enthusiastically adopted this idea and procured a grant for the young astronomical community of the United States for an expedition to Chile. There they were to observe several conjunctions of Venus and oppositions of Mars, while the accompanying measurements were to be taken at the US Naval Observatory in Washington D.C. and the Harvard College Observatory at Cambridge, USA. This expedition was supported by A. v. Humboldt, C.F. Gauß, J.F. Encke, S.C. Walker, A.D. Bache, B. Peirce and others. From 1849 to 1852 not only were astronomical, but also meteorological and magnetic observations and measurements recorded, mainly in Santa Lucia close to Santiago, Chile. By comparing these measurements with those taken simultaneously at other observatories around the world the solar parallax could be calculated, although incomplete data from the corresponding northern observatories threatened the project's success. In retrospect this expedition can be recognized as the foundation of the Chilean astronomy. The first director of the new National Astronomical Observatory of Chile was Dr. C.W. Moesta, a Hessian student of Christian Ludwig Gerling's. The exchange of data between German, American and other astronomers during this expedition was well mediated by J.G. Flügel, consul of the United States of America and representative of the Smithsonian Institution in Europe, who altogether played a major role in nurturing the relationship between the growing scientific community in the U.S. and the well established one in Europe at that time.
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