进化：生命进化到进化
Evolution: Life has Evolved to Evolve
摘要：
吉姆·夏皮罗综合了大量关于进化机制的观察，得出了一个引人注目的结论，即基因组的大规模修改、交换和重排是常见的，应该被视为生命的基本特征。换句话说，基因组不应被视为只有少数罕见突变的只读，而应被视为一个不断修订的完整的遗传功能读写库。基因组的修改发生在细胞复制期间，在多细胞发育期间，以及在个体群体的进化期间。DNA格式化控制遗传重排、基因表达和遗传修复的时间和位置。每一个事件都在精确的细胞回路的控制下。夏皮罗回顾了自然基因工程的工具箱，提供了有效的长期基因组重组所需的功能。
英文摘要：
Jim Shapiro synthesizes a great many observations about the mechanisms of evolution to reach the remarkable conclusion that large-scale modification, exchange, and rearrangement of the genome are common and should be viewed as fundamental features of life. In other words, the genome should be viewed not as mostly read-only with a few rare mutations, but rather as a fully-fledged read-write library of genetic functions under continuous revision. Revision of the genome occurs during cellular replication, during multicellular development, and during evolution of a population of individuals. DNA formatting controls the timing and location of genetic rearrangements, gene expression, and genetic repair. Each of these events is under the control of precise cellular circuits. Shapiro reviews the toolbox of natural genetic engineering that provides the functionalities necessary for efficient long-term genome restructuring.
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