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arXiv 1401.7322astro-ph.SRastro-ph.COastro-ph.GA
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大质量恒星的演化及其光谱I。一颗从零龄主序星到超新星爆发前阶段的不自转60 Msun恒星

The evolution of massive stars and their spectra I. A non-rotating 60 Msun star from the zero-age main sequence to the pre-supernova stage

Jose Groh, Georges Meynet, Sylvia Ekstrom, Cyril Georgy

摘要:

首次分析了大质量恒星从零龄主序星(ZAMS)到前超新星(SN)阶段的内部和光谱演化。为此,我们结合恒星演化模型使用日内瓦代码和大气模型使用CMFGEN。通过我们的方法,我们能够产生可观测的数据,例如合成的高分辨率光谱和光度测定,帮助比较演化模型和观测数据。在这里,我们分析了一个非旋转的60 Msun恒星的演化和它的光谱在其整个生命周期。有趣的是,即使在ZAMS,这颗恒星也有超巨星的外观(光度I类)。我们发现光谱类型的演化顺序如下:O3 I(在ZAMS),O 4 I(H-核心燃烧阶段的中间),B超巨星(BSG),B超巨星(BHG),热亮蓝变星(LBV; H芯燃烧结束),冷却LBV(在He-核心燃烧阶段开始时的H-壳燃烧),在WN晚期和WN早期的快速演化,早期WC(He-芯燃烧的中间)和WO(He-芯燃烧的结束直到芯塌陷)。我们发现以下光谱相寿命:3.22e6年的O型,0.34e5年(BSG),0.79e5年(BHG),2.35e5年(LBV),1.05e5年(WN),2.57e4年(WC),和3.80e4年(WO)。与以前的研究相比,我们发现一个更长(更短)的持续时间为早期WN(晚WN)阶段,以及一个长寿的LBV阶段。我们表明,LBV自然出现在单星演化模型在MS结束时,质量损失率增加作为一个结果,越过双稳态极限。我们讨论的光谱,幅度,颜色和电离通量在整个恒星的生命周期的演变,以及它们与内部的演变。[删节]

英文摘要:

For the first time, the interior and spectroscopic evolution of a massive star is analyzed from the zero-age main sequence (ZAMS) to the pre-supernova (SN) stage. For this purpose, we combined stellar evolution models using the Geneva code and atmospheric models using CMFGEN. With our approach, we were able to produce observables, such as a synthetic high-resolution spectrum and photometry, aiding the comparison between evolution models and observed data. Here we analyze the evolution of a non-rotating 60 Msun star and its spectrum throughout its lifetime. Interestingly, the star has a supergiant appearance (luminosity class I) even at the ZAMS. We find the following evolutionary sequence of spectral types: O3 I (at the ZAMS), O4 I (middle of the H-core burning phase), B supergiant (BSG), B hypergiant (BHG), hot luminous blue variable (LBV; end of H-core burning), cool LBV (H-shell burning through the beginning of the He-core burning phase), rapid evolution through late WN and early WN, early WC (middle of He-core burning), and WO (end of He-core burning until core collapse). We find the following spectroscopic phase lifetimes: 3.22e6 yr for the O-type, 0.34e5 yr (BSG), 0.79e5 yr (BHG), 2.35e5 yr (LBV), 1.05e5 yr (WN), 2.57e4 yr (WC), and 3.80e4 yr (WO). Compared to previous studies, we find a much longer (shorter) duration for the early WN (late WN) phase, as well as a long-lived LBV phase. We show that LBVs arise naturally in single-star evolution models at the end of the MS when the mass-loss rate increases as a consequence of crossing the bistability limit. We discuss the evolution of the spectra, magnitudes, colors, and ionizing flux across the star's lifetime, and the way they are related to the evolution of the interior. [abridged]

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