富钙间隙瞬变：解决团内介质中的钙难题
Calcium-rich Gap Transients: Solving the Calcium Conundrum in the Intracluster Medium
摘要：
X射线测量表明，星团内介质中钙的丰度高于单独使用核心塌陷和Ia型超新星的有利模型所能解释的。我们调查是否可以减轻钙的难题，包括最近发现的超新星的子类称为富钙间隙瞬变的贡献，在集群内的介质。虽然富含钙的间隙瞬态只占所有超新星事件的一小部分，我们发现，它们的高钙产量足以重现附近的丰富的集群发现的X射线测量。我们发现，通过包括这个新的类，$χ^{2}$拟合优度度量从84提高到2。此外，富含钙的超新星优先发生在星系的外围，使得这些事件的核合成产物更容易通过冲压压力剥离并入星系团内介质。在远离任何单个星系的星系团和星系群中发现富钙间隙瞬变，表明与星系团内恒星相关的超新星可能在丰富星系团内介质方面发挥重要作用。富钙间隙瞬变也可能有助于解释许多其他天体物理系统中的异常钙丰度，包括银河系中的单个恒星，附近星系的晕和环星系介质。我们的工作强调了在模拟星团内介质和其他气藏的丰度时，考虑超新星类型和相应产量的多样性的重要性。
英文摘要：
X-ray measurements suggest the abundance of Calcium in the intracluster medium is higher than can be explained using favored models for core-collapse and Type Ia supernovae alone. We investigate whether the Calcium conundrum in the intracluster medium can be alleviated by including a contribution from the recently discovered subclass of supernovae known as Calcium-rich gap transients. Although the Calcium-rich gap transients make up only a small fraction of all supernovae events, we find that their high Calcium yields are sufficient to reproduce the X-ray measurements found for nearby rich clusters. We find the $χ^{2}$ goodness-of-fit metric improves from 84 to 2 by including this new class. Moreover, Calcium-rich supernovae preferentially occur in the outskirts of galaxies making it easier for the nucleosynthesis products of these events to be incorporated in the intracluster medium via ram-pressure stripping. The discovery of a Calcium-rich gap transients in clusters and groups far from any individual galaxy suggests supernovae associated with intracluster stars may play an important role in enriching the intracluster medium. Calcium-rich gap transients may also help explain anomalous Calcium abundances in many other astrophysical systems including individual stars in the Milky Way, the halos of nearby galaxies and the circumgalactic medium. Our work highlights the importance of considering the diversity of supernovae types and corresponding yields when modeling the abundance of the intracluster medium and other gas reservoirs.
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