重离子碰撞：Esym密度和温度依赖性的直接和间接探测
Heavy-ion Collisions: Direct and indirect probes of the density and temperature dependence of Esym
摘要：
重离子碰撞通过在各种温度、密度和压力下形成核物质，为核物质状态方程提供了一个多功能的地面探测器。利用重离子碰撞约束对称能密度依赖性的直接和间接方法已经发展起来。直接的方法依赖于缩放方法，试图连接同位素碎片分布的对称性能量。使用间接的方法约束状态方程提取的实验结果和理论输运计算，利用有效的核子-核子相互作用的比较。除了探索状态方程的密度依赖性之外，重离子碰撞同时探测核物质的不同温度梯度，允许检查对称性能量的温度依赖性。本文综述了重离子碰撞对对称能密度和温度依赖性的限制研究进展和存在的问题。
英文摘要：
Heavy-ion collisions provide a versatile terrestrial probe of the nuclear equation of state through the formation of nuclear matter at a wide variety of temperatures, densities, and pressures. Direct and indirect approaches for constraining the density dependence of the symmetry energy using heavy-ion collisions have been developed. The direct approach relies on scaling methods which attempt to connect isotopic fragment distributions to the symmetry energy. Using the indirect approach constraints on the equation of state are extracted from comparison of experimental results and theoretical transport calculations which utilize effective nucleon-nucleon interactions. Besides exploring the density dependence of the equation of state, heavy-ion collisions are simultaneously probing different temperature gradients of nuclear matter allowing for the temperature dependence of the symmetry energy to be examined. The current progress and open questions related to constraining the density and temperature dependence of the symmetry energy with heavy-ion collisions are discussed in the review.
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