We consider a large, homogeneous portfolio of life or disability annuity policies. The policies are assumed to be independent conditional on an external stochastic process representing the economic-demographic environment. Using a conditional law of large numbers, we establish the connection between claims reserving and risk aggregation for large portfolios. Further, we derive a partial differential equation for moments of present values. Moreover, we show how statistical multi-factor intensity models can be approximated by one-factor models, which allows for solving the PDEs very efficiently. Finally, we give a numerical example where moments of present values of disability annuities are computed using finite difference methods and Monte Carlo simulations.
A Copula Based Bayesian Approach for Paid-Incurred Claims Models for Non-Life Insurance Reserving
我们的文章认为,最近开发的随机模型,结合索赔支付和发生的损失信息到一个连贯的准备金方法。特别地,我们结合Hertig et al.(1985)和Gogol et al.(1993)的索赔准备金模型,发展了一个分层贝叶斯支付-发生-索赔模型族。在这个过程中,我们扩展了Merz等人(2010)的独立对数正态模型,通过使用数据增强混合Copula支付-发生索赔模型来合并不同的依赖结构。将支付和已发生的损失纳入未偿损失负债和由此产生的准备金的完整预测分布的估计中的效用和影响在以下情况下得到证明:(i)独立支付(P)数据模型;(ii)Merz等人(2010)的独立支付-已发生索赔(PIC)数据模型;(iii)一种新的相关滞后年伸缩块对角高斯Copula PIC数据模型,通过变换结合共轭;(iv)一种新的数据增强混合阿基米德Copula相关PIC数据模型。通过一类自适应马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗抽样算法,在这样的模型中的推理。这些方法结合了一个数据增强框架,用于有效地评估基于Copula的PIC模型在损失预留三角形中的可能性。自适应策略基于由对称矩阵的指数表示正定协方差矩阵,如Leonard等人(1992)所提出的。
Reinforcement Learning for Micro-Level Claims Reserving
Centre for Actuarial Studies, Department of Economics, The University of Melbourne(澳大利亚墨尔本大学经济系精算研究所以及精算研究中心);University of the Witwatersrand(沃斯兰德大学);School of Risk and Actuarial Studies, UNSW Australia Business School, UNSW Sydney(新南威尔士大学悉尼分校商学院风险与精算研究所以及精算研究学院);Department of Mathematics, ETH Zurich(苏黎世联邦理工学院数学系)