拓扑表面态的实验发现-一种新型的二维电子系统（综述文章）
Experimental Discovery of Topological Surface States - A New Type of 2D Electron Systems (Review Article)
摘要：
拓扑表面态（TSS）代表了一种新型的二维电子系统，具有不同于任何量子霍尔效应或自旋霍尔效应的新颖和前所未有的性质。它们的Z $_2$拓扑顺序可以在室温下实现，没有磁场，它们可以变成磁体，奇异超导体或近藤绝缘体，导致世界范围内的兴趣和活动的主题。我们回顾了定义这样的拓扑物质的基本概念和实验发现，通过关键的实验探针，揭示了Z $_2$拓扑秩序的大部分这些自旋轨道相互作用占主导地位的绝缘体的第一次。本文重点介绍了Z $_2$的基本拓扑性质，如自旋-动量锁定、非平凡Berry相、镜像Chern数、无背散射、体-边界对应等（拓扑学），时间反转和其他离散（镜像）对称性的保护，以及它们在室温下的显著持久性，详细阐述了M.Z. Hasan和C.L.凯恩[牧师。现代物理学，82，3045（2010）]。此外，还简要讨论了拓扑材料中诱导的对称性破缺相，如量子磁性和超导性的关键结果。基于它们的自旋性质（镜像陈氏不变量）讨论了Z $_2$分类之外的拓扑绝缘体，例如拓扑晶体绝缘体（TCI）。这里详细介绍的实验方法已被用于大多数的Z $_2$拓扑物理在几乎所有的散装拓扑绝缘体材料的后续研究，到目前为止。
英文摘要：
Topological Surface States (TSS) represent new types of two dimensional electron systems with novel and unprecedented properties distinct from any quantum Hall-like or spin-Hall effects. Their Z$_2$ topological order can be realized at room temperatures without magnetic fields and they can be turned into magnets, exotic superconductors or Kondo insulators leading to worldwide interest and activity in the topic. We review the basic concepts defining such topological matter and the experimental discovery via the key experimental probe that revealed the Z$_2$ topological order in the bulk of these spin-orbit interaction dominated insulators for the first time. This review focuses on the key results that demonstrated the fundamental Z$_2$ topological properties such as spin-momentum locking, non-trivial Berry's phases, mirror Chern number, absence of backscattering, bulk-boundary correspondence (topology), protection by time-reversal and other discrete (mirror) symmetries and their remarkable persistence up to the room temperature elaborating on results first briefly discussed in an early review by M.Z. Hasan and C.L. Kane [Rev. of Mod. Phys., 82, 3045 (2010)]. Additionally, key results on broken symmetry phases such as quantum magnetism and superconductivity induced in topological materials are briefly discussed. Topological insulators beyond the Z$_2$ classification such as Topological Crystalline Insulators (TCI) are discussed based on their spin properties (mirror Chern invariants). The experimental methodologies detailed here have been used in most of the subsequent studies of Z$_2$ topological physics in almost all bulk topological insulator materials to this date.
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