Steady-State Hadronic Gamma-Ray Emission from 100-Myr-Old Fermi Bubbles
Roland M. Crocker, Geoffrey V. Bicknell, Ettore Carretti, Alex S. Hill, Ralph S. Sutherland
备注：
Accepted for publication in ApJ Letters. Shortened from ver.1 with an important modification to equation 2; qualitative results the same; vers 3: title fixed
The Fermi Bubbles are enigmatic γ-ray features of the Galactic bulge. Both putative activity (within $\sim$ few $\times$ Myr) connected to the Galactic center super-massive black hole and, alternatively, nuclear star formation have been claimed as the energising source of the Bubbles. Likewise, both inverse-Compton emission by non-thermal electrons (`leptonic' models) and collisions between non-thermal protons and gas (`hadronic' models) have been advanced as the process supplying the Bubbles' γ-ray emission. An issue for any steady state hadronic model is that the very low density of the Bubbles' plasma seems to require that they accumulate protons over a multi-Gyr timescale, much longer than other natural timescales occurring in the problem. Here we present a hadronic model where the timescale for generating the Bubbles' hadronic γ-ray emission is $\sim$ few $\times 10^8$ years. Our model invokes collapse of the Bubbles' thermally-unstable plasma, leading to an accumulation of cosmic rays and magnetic field into localised, warm ($\sim 10^4$ K), and likely filamentary condensations of higher density gas. Under the condition that these filaments are supported by non-thermal pressure, we can predict the hadronic emission from the Bubbles to be $L_γ\simeq 2 \times 10^{37}$ erg/s $\ \dot{M}_\mathrm{in}/(0.1 \ M_{Sun}/$ year $) \ T_\mathrm{FB}^2/(3.5 \times 10^7 K) ^2 M_{fil}/M_{pls}$ ; precisely their observed luminosity (normalizing to the star-formation-driven mass flux into the Bubbles and their measured plasma temperature and adopting the further result that the mass in the filaments, $M_{fil}$ is approximately equal to that of the Bubbles' plasma, $M_{pls}$).
The Fermi Bubbles: Giant, Multi-Billion-Year-Old Reservoirs of Galactic Center Cosmic Rays
最近，费米-LAT仪器观测到的伽马射线天空中出现了巨大特征的证据：以银河系核心为中心的双边发射“气泡”，并在银河系平面上方和下方延伸到约10千秒差距。这些结构与WMAP数据中发现的非热微波“薄雾”和ROSAT探测到的X射线辐射的扩展区域相吻合。气泡的伽马射线辐射的特征是具有坚硬且相对均匀的光谱，相对均匀的强度，总光度约为4 x 10^37 erg/s，比它们的微波光度大约大一个数量级，而比它们的X射线光度小一个数量级以上。在这里，我们表明，气泡是自然的解释，由于人口的遗迹宇宙射线质子和较重的离子注入的过程与极长的时间尺度（>~8 Gyr）和高面密度的恒星形成在银河系中心。
The Double-Episode Jet Genesis of the eROSITA and Fermi Bubbles
Henan Normal University（河南师范大学）；Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院上海天文台）；University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学）；Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center（天府宇宙线研究中心）；Guizhou University（贵州大学）；Handan University（邯郸学院）；Nanjing Normal University（南京师范大学）
Partitioning the Outburst Energy of a Low Eddington Accretion Rate AGN at the Center of an Elliptical Galaxy: the Recent 12 Myr History of the Supermassive Black Hole in M87
Multi-wavelength features of Fermi Bubbles as signatures of a Galactic wind
使用流体动力学模拟，我们第一次表明，在银河系中心的恒星形成的插曲，与恒星形成率（SFR）$\sim 0.5$ M $_\odot$年$^{-1}$为$\sim 30$万年，可以产生类似于费米泡（FB）的泡沫，当从太阳的位置。FB的形态，范围和多波长观测，特别是X射线，限制了各种物理参数，如SFR，年龄和环银河系介质（CGM）密度。我们表明，CGM与银河风驱动的恒星形成在中心区域的相互作用可以解释所观察到的表面亮度和形态特征的X射线与费米泡。此外，假设宇宙射线电子通过冲击和/或湍流被加速{ \it in situ}，可以解释伽马射线发射的亮度和形态以及微波雾。在我们的模型中，冷团和暖团的运动学也与最近通过气泡观察到的吸收线相匹配。
Nested Fermi and eROSITA bubbles require very similar $\sim10^{56}$ erg collimated Galactic-center outbursts; their asymmetry indicates an eastern density gradient
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev（内盖夫本-古里安大学）；Indian Institute of Astrophysics（印度天体物理研究所）
