非受控量子芝诺效应的指数衰减和费米黄金法则
Exponential Decay and Fermi's Golden Rule from an Uncontrolled Quantum Zeno Effect
摘要：
我们修正了量子芝诺效应的理论，使之与量子力学的基本假设相一致。这种修改允许一个人，在整个序列的观察激发系统，以解决的性质，可观察到的，从而区分生存非衰变，这是必要的，每当激发态是退化。因此，可以确定哪些类型的测量可能抑制系统的指数衰减。我们发现，作为一系列理想测量的限制，连续监测只会在特殊情况下抑制衰变，例如在控制良好的实验中。然而，对不稳定系统的不受控制的监测可能会导致非衰减概率始终呈指数下降。此外，计算一般观测序列的衰变率可以直接推导出费米黄金法则，避免了通常遇到的许多概念上的困难。当多个衰变通道可用时，推导揭示了总衰变率如何自然地划分为各个通道的衰变率之和，与观测结果一致。因此，不受控制的环境对受激系统的持续和不可避免的监测可能是解释指数衰减定律的一种机制。
英文摘要：
We modify the theory of the Quantum Zeno Effect to make it consistent with the postulates of quantum mechanics. This modification allows one, throughout a sequence of observations of an excited system, to address the nature of the observable and thereby to distinguish survival from non-decay, which is necessary whenever excited states are degenerate. As a consequence, one can determine which types of measurements can possibly inhibit the exponential decay of the system. We find that continuous monitoring taken as the limit of a sequence of ideal measurements will only inhibit decay in special cases, such as in well-controlled experiments. Uncontrolled monitoring of an unstable system, however, can cause exponentially decreasing non-decay probability at all times. Furthermore, calculating the decay rate for a general sequence of observations leads to a straightforward derivation of Fermi's Golden Rule, that avoids many of the conceptual difficulties normally encountered. When multiple decay channels are available, the derivation reveals how the total decay rate naturally partitions into a sum of the decay rates for the various channels, in agreement with observations. Continuous and unavoidable monitoring of an excited system by an uncontrolled environment may therefore be a mechanism by which to explain the exponential decay law.
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