SANS仪器的学习与聚苯乙烯胶乳样品循环测定数据处理
Learning about SANS Instruments and Data Reduction from Round Robin Measurements on Samples of Polystyrene Latex
摘要：
通过测量表征良好的标准样品可以验证仪器的性能。通常，小角中子散射仪器用于研究各种样品，并且通常可以用于多种配置。适当的标准样品对于测试硬件性能的不同方面以及数据简化和分析软件的性能是有用的。在一个循环中，对具有不同固有特性和设计的许多仪器进行测量，不仅可以更好地评估更广泛条件下的性能，而且可能更重要的是，揭示了小角散射技术目前的局限性。这项工作，其次是详细的分析，测试目前的理解的局限性，以及揭示往往被遗忘的假设，简化和近似的基础上，目前的做法的技术。本文描述了使用多种仪器对半径72 nm的聚苯乙烯乳胶进行测量。单分散均匀球形颗粒的散射计算简单，并显示出尖锐的极小值。这些数据测试强度、波长和分辨率的校准以及检测器响应。平滑由于分辨率，多重散射和多分散性已被确定。不确定性的来源通常与系统偏差和校准有关，而不是随机计数误差。这项研究促进了软件的开发，以处理适度的多次散射，并更好地模拟仪器的分辨率。这些测量还允许检查数据简化算法，并确定如何改进这些算法。描述了仪器的重现性和可靠性以及从数据中得出的参数的准确性。
英文摘要：
Measurements of a well-characterised standard sample can verify the performance of an instrument. Typically, small-angle neutron scattering instruments are used to investigate a wide range of samples and may often be used in a number of configurations. Appropriate standard samples are useful to test different aspects of the performance of hardware as well as that of the data reduction and analysis software. Measurements on a number of instruments with different intrinsic characteristics and designs in a round robin can not only better characterise the performance for a wider range of conditions but also, perhaps more importantly, reveal the limits of the current state of the art of small-angle scattering. The exercise, followed by detailed analysis, tests the limits of current understanding as well as uncovers often forgotten assumptions, simplifications and approximations that underpin the current practice of the technique. This paper describes measurements of polystyrene latex, radius 72 nm with a number of instruments. Scattering from monodisperse, uniform spherical particles is simple to calculate and displays sharp minima. Such data test the calibrations of intensity, wavelength and resolution as well as the detector response. Smoothing due to resolution, multiple scattering and polydispersity has been determined. Sources of uncertainty are often related to systematic deviations and calibrations rather than random counting errors. The study has prompted development of software to treat modest multiple scattering and to better model the instrument resolution. These measurements also allow checks of data reduction algorithms and have identified how they can be improved. The reproducibility and the reliability of instruments and the accuracy of parameters derived from the data are described.
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