We consider unordered XML, where the relative order among siblings is ignored, and we investigate the problem of learning schemas from examples given by the user. We focus on the schema formalisms proposed in [10]: disjunctive multiplicity schemas (DMS) and its restriction, disjunction-free multiplicity schemas (MS). A learning algorithm takes as input a set of XML documents which must satisfy the schema (i.e., positive examples) and a set of XML documents which must not satisfy the schema (i.e., negative examples), and returns a schema consistent with the examples. We investigate a learning framework inspired by Gold [18], where a learning algorithm should be sound i.e., always return a schema consistent with the examples given by the user, and complete i.e., able to produce every schema with a sufficiently rich set of examples. Additionally, the algorithm should be efficient i.e., polynomial in the size of the input. We prove that the DMS are learnable from positive examples only, but they are not learnable when we also allow negative examples. Moreover, we show that the MS are learnable in the presence of positive examples only, and also in the presence of both positive and negative examples. Furthermore, for the learnable cases, the proposed learning algorithms return minimal schemas consistent with the examples.
The SPARQL2XQuery Interoperability Framework. Utilizing Schema Mapping, Schema Transformation and Query Translation to Integrate XML and the Semantic Web
Web of Data是一个开放的环境,由来自不同领域的大量相互链接的大型RDF数据集组成。在这种环境中,组织和公司采用利用语义Web(SW)技术的关联数据实践,以便发布他们的数据并提供SPARQL端点(即,基于SPARQL的搜索服务)。另一方面,当今Web中信息交换的主导标准是XML。SW和XML世界及其开发的基础设施基于不同的数据模型、语义和查询语言。因此,至关重要的是开发互操作性机制,允许Web of Data用户从他们自己的工作环境中使用SPARQL访问XML数据集。期望所有现有的遗留数据(例如,关系、XML等)将转换为软件数据。因此,将遗留数据发布为关联数据并在其上提供SPARQL端点已成为一个主要的研究挑战。在这个方向上,我们引入了SPARQL 2XQuery框架,它创建了一个可互操作的环境,SPARQL查询自动转换为XQuery查询,以便在Web上访问XML数据。SPARQL 2XQuery框架为OWL-RDF/S到XML Schema映射的表达提供了一个映射模型,也为SPARQL到XQuery的转换提供了一种方法。为此,我们的框架支持本体和XML模式之间的手动和自动映射规范。在自动映射规范场景中,SPARQL 2XQuery利用将XML模式转换为OWL本体的XS 2 OWL组件。最后,进行了大量的实验,以评估模式转换,映射生成,查询翻译和查询评估效率,使用真实和合成…
Analysing complexity of XML Schemas in geospatial web services
XML Schema是用于定义基于OGC的Web服务客户端和提供者之间交换的消息结构的语言。随着时间的推移,这些模式的规模一直在增长,达到了一个使其理解和有效应用成为一项艰巨任务的状态。处理这种情况的第一步是提供不同的方法来度量模式的复杂性。在这方面,我们在本文中提出的OGC Web服务的XML模式的复杂性分析。我们使用一组在文献中找到的指标,并引入新的指标来衡量这些模式的大小和/或复杂性。使用适当的度量使我们能够量化模式的复杂性,质量和其他属性,这在不同的场景中非常有用。
An Effective Algorithm for Learning Single Occurrence Regular Expressions with Interleaving
Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences(中国科学院软件研究所);University of Chinese Academy of Sciences(中国科学院大学);Beijing University of Technology(北京工业大学)