当前的直接中微子质量实验
Current Direct Neutrino Mass Experiments
摘要：
在这篇文章中，我们回顾了直接中微子质量实验的现状和前景。这些实验研究了特定同位素（$^3$ H，$^{187}$ Re，$^{163}$ Ho）的$β$ -衰变的运动学，以获得关于平均电子（反）中微子质量的模型无关信息，该信息由对电子中微子有贡献的中微子质量本征态的非相干总和形成。我们首先回顾了$β$衰变的运动学和中微子质量的测定，然后简要概述了过去的中微子质量测量（SN 1987 a-ToF研究，美因茨和Troitsk实验$^3$ H，低温测辐射热计$^{187}$ Re）。然后，我们描述了卡尔斯鲁厄氚中微子（KATRIN）的实验，目前正在建设中的卡尔斯鲁厄理工学院。大规模的设置将使用MAC-E-Filter原理，将灵敏度降低到200 meV（90% C.L.）。KATRIN面临着许多技术挑战，这些挑战必须在源强度和稳定性方面得到解决，以及精确的能量分析和接近18.6 keV氚$β$衰变运动学终点的低本底率。然后，我们回顾了新的实验方法，如MARE，ECHO和Project 8实验，这些实验提供了在sub-eV区域进行中微子质量独立测量的承诺。在所有现在和未来的实验中开发的各种方法和新技术表明，直接中微子质量实验在提供中微子绝对质量尺度的重要信息方面具有巨大的潜力。
英文摘要：
In this contribution we review the status and perspectives of direct neutrino mass experiments. These experiments investigate the kinematics of $β$-decays of specific isotopes ($^3$H, $^{187}$Re, $^{163}$Ho) to derive model-independent information on the averaged electron (anti-) neutrino mass, which is formed by the incoherent sum of the neutrino mass eigenstates contributing to the electron neutrino. We first review the kinematics of $β$-decay and the determination of the neutrino mass, before giving a brief overview of past neutrino mass measurements (SN1987a-ToF studies, Mainz and Troitsk experiments for $^3$H, cryo-bolometers for $^{187}$Re). We then describe the Karlsruhe Tritium Neutrino (KATRIN) experiment which is currently under construction at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. The large-scale setup will use the MAC-E-Filter principle pioneered earlier to push the sensitivity down to a value of 200 meV(90% C.L.). KATRIN faces many technological challenges that have to be resolved with regard to source intensity and stability, as well as precision energy analysis and low background rate close to the kinematic endpoint of tritium $β$-decay at 18.6 keV. We then review new experimental approaches such as the MARE, ECHO and Project8 experiments, which offer the promise to perform an independent measurement of the neutrino mass in the sub-eV region. This variety of methods and the novel technologies developed in all present and future experiments demonstrate the great potential of direct neutrino mass experiments in providing vital information on the absolute mass scale of neutrinos.
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