马约拉纳、鲍林与化学键的量子理论
Majorana, Pauling and the quantum theory of the chemical bond
摘要：
我们详细讨论了鲜为人知的结果，早在1931年，马约拉纳关于量子理论的化学键在同极分子，交换相互作用的关键概念的基础上。在简要回顾了量子同极价理论的历史之后，我们讨论了氦分子离子He 2+的形成和氢分子H2的准确描述的有趣问题。对于第一种情况，马约拉纳使用的群论启发的方法与鲍林（在马约拉纳之后几个月出版）更知名的方法形成对比，而对于第二种情况，我们专注于他关于同极化合物中可能存在离子结构的建议，就像氢分子一样。马约拉纳的结果在分子和化学物理的现代研究的新颖性和相关性也被强调。
英文摘要：
We discuss in detail very little known results obtained by Majorana as early as 1931, regarding the quantum theory of the chemical bond in homopolar molecules, based on the key concept of exchange interaction. After a brief historical overview of the quantum homopolar valence theory, we address the intriguing issues of the formation of the helium molecular ion, He2+, and of the accurate description of the hydrogen molecule, H2. For the first case, the group theory-inspired approach used by Majorana is contrasted with that more known followed by Pauling (and published few months after that of Majorana), while for the second case we focus on his proposal concerning the possible existence of ionic structures in homopolar compounds, just as in the hydrogen molecule. The novelty and relevance of Majorana's results in the modern research on molecular and chemical physics is emphasized as well.
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