The likelihood function is a crucial element of parameter estimation. In analyses of galaxy overdensities and weak lensing shear, one often approximates the likelihood of the power spectrum with a Gaussian distribution. The posterior probability derived from such a likelihood deviates considerably from the exact posterior on the largest scales probed by any survey, where the central limit theorem does not apply. We show that various forms of Gaussian likelihoods can have a significant impact on the estimation of the primordial non-Gaussianity parameter f_NL from the galaxy angular power spectrum. The Gaussian plus log-normal likelihood, which has been applied successfully in analyses of the cosmic microwave background, outperforms the Gaussian likelihoods. Nevertheless, even if the exact likelihood of the power spectrum is used, the estimated parameters may be still biased. As such, the likelihoods and estimators need to be thoroughly examined for potential systematic errors.
Likelihood-free Cosmological Constraints with Artificial Neural Networks: An Application on Hubble Parameters and SNe Ia
复杂过程产生的宇宙学数据,如哈勃参数观测数据(OHD)和Ia型超新星观测数据(SNIa),其误差不能用简单的解析概率分布(如高斯分布)精确地模拟。为了从这些数据中约束宇宙学参数,通常使用无似然推理来绕过直接计算似然。在本文中,我们提出了一个新的程序来执行似然自由宇宙学推断使用两个人工神经网络(ANN),掩蔽自回归流(MAF)和去噪自动编码器(DAE)。我们的程序是第一个使用DAE从数据中提取特征,以简化MAF的结构需要估计后验。测试模拟哈勃参数数据与一个简单的高斯似然,该程序显示的能力,从数据中提取的功能和估计后验分布,而不需要易于处理的似然。实验结果表明,该方法能准确逼近真实后验,性能与传统MCMC方法相当,且加入DAE后,MAF在少量仿真时能获得更好的训练效果。我们还讨论了OHD和Pantheon SN Ia数据的应用程序,并使用它们来约束非平坦$Λ$ CDM模型的宇宙学参数。对于Ia型超新星,我们使用拟合的光变曲线参数来寻找$H_0,Ω_m,Ω_Λ$上的约束,类似于相关的工作,使用较少的经验分布。此外,本文还首次将高斯过程引入到OHD模拟过程中。
Impact of non-Gaussian likelihood on cosmological constraints from the thermal Sunyaev--Zel'dovich power spectrum: a simulation-based inference analysis
Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge(剑桥大学天文学研究所);Kavli Institute for Cosmology, University of Cambridge(剑桥大学卡弗里宇宙学研究所);Cavendish Astrophysics, University of Cambridge(剑桥大学卡文迪许天体物理学)
cloelike: A Python Library for Cosmological Likelihood Inference in the Euclid Era
Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo(滑铁卢天体物理中心,滑铁卢大学);Leiden Observatory, Leiden University(莱顿天文台,莱顿大学);Centre for Astrophysics Research, University of Hertfordshire(天体物理学研究中心,赫特福德大学);Scientific Information, German Aerospace Center (DLR)(科学信息部,德国航空航天中心);INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste(意大利国家天体物理研究所 - 的里雅斯特天文台);INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera(意大利国家天体物理研究所 - 布雷拉天文台);Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC)(空间科学研究所);INAF - IASF Milano(意大利国家天体物理研究所 - 米兰天体物理研究所);Astronomical Institute (AIRUB), Ruhr University Bochum(天文研究所,鲁尔大学波鸿分校);Department of Physics, University of Oxford(物理系,牛津大学);Dipartimento di Fisica "Aldo Pontremoli", Università degli Studi di Milano(物理系,米兰大学);IRAP, Université de Toulouse(天体物理研究所,图卢兹大学);Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma(罗马天文台);Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London(穆拉德太空科学实验室,伦敦大学学院);Software Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC)(加泰罗尼亚空间研究研究所)