植物之间的强相互作用导致圆形贫瘠斑块：仙女圈
Strong interaction between plants induces circular barren patches: fairy circles
摘要：
从安哥拉南部、纳米比亚和南非延伸出的广阔景观展示了被称为仙女圈的局部贫瘠植被。它们由孤立的或随机分布的圆形区域组成，没有任何植被。它们被高草的边缘所包围，嵌入在沙质土壤上的稀疏草地中。当干燥度增加时，仙女圈的大小会增加，直径可达10米。虽然已经提出了几种假设，但这种现象的起源仍然没有解决。我们表明，一个简单的非本地的植物生态模型的基础上现实的假设提供了一个定量的解释这种现象。仙女圈是由连接两个均匀覆盖层（均匀草地和裸态）的界面之间的强相互作用引起的，它们的稳定性归因于洛伦兹式的非局部耦合，这种耦合模拟了植物之间的竞争。因此，它们的形成原因是植被动态所固有的。我们的分析解释了一个圆形的形状和条纹是如何形成的，以及干燥程度如何影响仙女圈的大小。与实地观察一致，这些理论研究结果提供了一个强大的非本地的相互作用的植物和稳定的仙女圈的形成之间的联系。最后，我们表明，所提出的机制是独立的模型：事实上，它也适用于反应扩散型的模型，强调水运输的植被动态的影响。
英文摘要：
Vast landscapes extending from southern Angola, Namibia, and South Africa exhibit localised barren patches of vegetation called fairy circles. They consist of isolated or randomly distributed circular areas devoid of any vegetation. They are surrounded by fringes of tall grasses and are embedded in a sparse grassland on sandy soils. When the aridity increases, the size of the fairy circles increases and can reach diameters up to 10m. Although several hypotheses have been proposed, the origin of this phenomenon remains unsolved. We show that a simple non-local model of plant ecology based on realistic assumptions provides a quantitative explanation of this phenomenon. Fairy circles result from strong interaction between interfaces connecting two uniform covers: the uniform grassland and the bare states, and their stabilisation is attributed to the Lorentzian-like non-local coupling that models the competition between plants. The cause of their formation in thus rather inherent to the vegetation dynamics. Our analysis explain how a circular shape and fringes are formed, and how the aridity level influences the size of the fairy circles. In agreement with field observation, these theoretical findings, provide a link between a strong non-local interaction of plants and the formation of stable fairy circles. Finally, we show that the proposed mechanism is model-independent: indeed, it also applies to the reaction-diffusion type of model that emphasises the influence of water transport on the vegetation dynamics.
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