光传播和光-物质相互作用的新认识及其在实验观测中的应用
New insight into light propagation and light-matter interactions with applications to experimental observations
摘要：
本文通过研究群速度、电磁功率流、坡印廷定理、能量守恒定律和费马原理的物理含义，对光的传播和光与物质的相互作用有了新的认识。建立了群速度定义的合理性判据，并针对经典定义的缺陷，提出了一种修正的定义。有理由认为能量守恒定律和费马原理是独立于麦克斯韦方程组的物理公设。本文构造了一个"超光速功率流“，指出如果不考虑能量守恒定律或费马原理，坡印廷定理不能唯一地定义电磁功率流。作为应用，本文还回顾了教科书中的相关基本概念和最近的研究工作中报道的实验观察，包括：为什么传统的费马原理表述有局限性，费马原理如何表述为平面波，为什么费马原理与Maxwell电磁理论一致，坡印廷定理与能量守恒定律有什么显著区别，以及为什么费马原理与Maxwell电磁理论一致。为什么坡印廷矢量作为电磁功率流会破坏能量守恒定律和各向异性介质中的费马原理，为什么Giovannini-同事实验中对“空间结构”光子的物理解释与相对性原理不一致，为什么传统上认为的信息速度不变性与麦克斯韦方程组矛盾，为什么量子力学中的信息速度不变性与量子力学中的信息速度不变性矛盾，为什么量子力学中的信息速度不变性与量子力学中的信息速度不变性矛盾，为什么量子力学中的信息速度不变性与量子力学中的信息速度不变性矛盾，为什么量子力学中的信息速度不变性与量子力学中的信息速度不变性矛盾。以及为什么Wang-Kuzmich-Dogariu实验中声称的超光速光脉冲传播推翻了爱因斯坦的因果关系。
英文摘要：
The paper provides a new understanding of light propagation and light-matter interactions by examining the physical implications of group velocity, electromagnetic (EM) power flow, Poynting theorem, energy conservation law, and Fermat's principle. A criterion is set up to identify the justification of the group velocity definition, and a modified definition is proposed to remove the flaws that the classical definition has. It is reasonably argued that energy conservation law and Fermat's principle are physical postulates independent of Maxwell equations. A ``superluminal power flow'' is constructed to show that Poynting theorem cannot uniquely define the EM power flow if the energy conservation law or Fermat's principle is not taken into account. As an application, associated basic concepts in textbooks and experimental observations reported in recent research works are also reviewed, including: why the traditional formulation of Fermat's principle has a limited application; how the Fermat's principle is formulated for a plane wave; why the Fermat's principle is consistent with Maxwell EM theory; what the significant difference is between Poynting theorem and energy conservation law; why Poynting vector as EM power flow may break energy conservation law and Fermat's principle in an anisotropic medium; why the physical explanations for ``spatially structured'' photons in Giovannini-coworkers experiments are not consistent with the principle of relativity; why the traditionally-argued invariance of information velocity contradicts Maxwell equations; and why the superluminal light pulse propagation claimed in Wang-Kuzmich-Dogariu experiments voilates Einstein causality.
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