液体中旋子的普适性、广义超流性判据和氦中的Helon II
Universality of rotons in liquids, generalized superfluidity criterion and helons in helium II
摘要：
对实验数据的分析表明，在超流氦中，除了声子-声子激发外，还必然存在至少一个能谱强烈依赖于温度的基元激发分支。在此基础上，考虑到液氦从超流态到正常态的相变过程中临界速度应为零，将Landau超流性判据推广到几个基元激发分支。我们假设氦原子到超流态的跃迁对应于一个新的依赖于粒子间相互作用的带隙激发谱。这种间隙只存在于超流态，在向正常态转变的温度下消失。激发的声子-声子分支对超流性没有决定性的影响。与声子一样，Rotons也不是超流氦的特殊激发，而是作为液态的普遍激发存在，并在不同的液体中形成连续的激发分支。这一观点得到了实验和数值的证实。
英文摘要：
An analysis of experimental data shows that, in addition to phonon--roton excitations in superfluid helium, there necessarily exist at least one branch of elementary excitations whose energy spectrum strongly depends on temperature. On this basis, the Landau superfluidity criterion is generalized for several branches of elementary excitations, taking into account that the critical velocity should vanish during the phase transition of liquid helium from the superfluid state to the normal state. We suppose that a new spectrum of excitations with a gap, depending on interparticle interaction, corresponds to the transition of helium to superfluid state. This gap exists only in superfluid state and disappears at the transition temperature to normal state. The phonon-roton branch of excitations has no crucial influence on superfluidity. Rotons, as well as phonons, are not the specific excitations for the superfluid helium, but exist as universal excitations in liquid state, and form the continuous branch of excitations in different liquids. This point of view is confirmed experimentally and numerically.
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