When particle flux is regulated by multiple factors such as particle supply and varying transport rate, it is important to identify the respective dominant regimes. We extend the well-studied totally asymmetric simple exclusion model to investigate the interplay between a controlled entrance and a local defect site. The model mimics cellular transport phenomena where there is typically a finite particle pool and non-uniform moving rates due to biochemical kinetics. Our simulations reveal regions where, despite an increasing particle supply, the current remains constant while particles redistribute in the system. Exploiting a domain wall approach with mean-field approximation, we provide a theoretical ground for our findings. The results in steady state current and density profiles provide quantitative insights into the regulation of the transcription and translation process in bacterial protein synthesis. We investigate the totally asymmetric simple exclusion model with controlled entrance and a defect site in the bulk to mimic the finite particle pool and non-uniform moving rates in particle transport processes.
We derive the Bethe ansatz equations describing the complete spectrum of the transition matrix of the partially asymmetric exclusion process with the most general open boundary conditions. For totally asymmetric diffusion we calculate the spectral gap, which characterizes the approach to stationarity at large times. We observe boundary induced crossovers in and between massive, diffusive and KPZ scaling regimes.
The large deviation function obtained recently by Derrida and Lebowitz for the totally asymmetric exclusion process is generalized to the partially asymmetric case in the scaling limit. The asymmetry parameter rescales the scaling variable in a simple way. The finite-size corrections to the universal scaling function and the universal cumulant ratio are also obtained to the leading order.
The effect of a moving defect particle for the one-dimensional partially asymmetric simple exclusion process on a ring is considered. The current of the ordinary particles, the speed of the defect particle and the density profile of the ordinary particles are calculated exactly. The phase diagram for the correlation length is identified. As a byproduct, the average and the variance of the particle density of the one-dimensional partially asymmetric simple exclusion process with open boundaries are also computed.
We obtain the large deviation functional of a density profile for the asymmetric exclusion process of L sites with open boundary conditions when the asymmetry scales like 1/L. We recover as limiting cases the expressions derived recently for the symmetric (SSEP) and the asymmetric (ASEP) cases. In the ASEP limit, the non linear differential equation one needs to solve can be analysed by a method which resembles the WKB method.
A perturbative renormalization group method is used to obtain steady-state density profiles of a particle non-conserving asymmetric simple exclusion process. This method allows us to obtain a globally valid solution for the density profile without the asymptotic matching of bulk and boundary layer solutions. In addition, we show a nontrivial scaling of the boundary layer width with the system size close to specific phase boundaries.
The studies of fluctuations of the one-dimensional Kardar-Parisi-Zhang universality class using the techniques from random matrix theory are reviewed from the point of view of the asymmetric simple exclusion process. We explain the basics of random matrix techniques, the connections to the polynuclear growth models and a method using the Green's function.
An asymmetric exclusion model on an open chain with random rates for hopping particles, where overtaking is also possible, is studied numerically and by computer simulation. The phase structure of the model and the density profiles near the high and low density coexistence line are obtained. The effect of a site impurity is also studied.
We investigate the correlation functions of the one-dimensional Asymmetric Simple Exclusion Process (ASEP) with open boundaries. The conditions for the boundaries are made most general. The correlation function is expressed in a multifold integral whose behavior we study in detail. We present a phase diagram of the correlation length. For the case the correlation length diverges, we further give the leading terms of the finite-size correction.
We consider the one dimensional asymmetric exclusion process with particle injection and extraction at two boundaries. The model is known to exhibit four distinct phases in its stationary state. We analyze the current statistics at the first site in the low and high density phases. In the limit of infinite system size, we conjecture an exact expression for the current large deviation function.
We study the fluctuations of the total current for the partially asymmetric exclusion process in the scaling of a weak asymmetry (asymmetry of order the inverse of the size of the system) using Bethe Ansatz. Starting from the functional formulation of the Bethe equations, we obtain for all the cumulants of the current both the leading and next-to-leading contribution in the size of the system.
Using the Bethe ansatz, we obtain the exact solution of the master equation for the totally asymmetric exclusion process on an infinite one-dimensional lattice. We derive explicit expressions for the conditional probabilities P(x_1, ... ,x_N;t|y_1, ... ,y_N;0) of finding N particles on lattice sites x_1, ... ,x_N at time t with initial occupation y_1, ... ,y_N at time t=0.
Generic inhomogeneous steady states in an asymmetric exclusion process on a ring with a pair of point bottlenecks are studied. We show that, due to an underlying universal feature, measurements of coarse-grained steady-state densities in this model resolve the bottleneck structures only partially. Unexpectedly, it displays localization-delocalization transitions and confinement of delocalized domain walls, controlled by the interplay between particle number conservation and bottleneck competition for moderate particle densities.
By a geometrical treatment of the Bethe ansatz, we obtain an exact solution for the totally asymmetric exclusion process on a ring. We derive an explicit determinant expression for the non-stationary conditional probability $Prob(x_1,...,x_P;t|x_1^0,...,x_P^0;0)$ of finding $P$ particles on sites $x_1,...,x_P$ at time $t$ provided they are on sites $x_1^0,...,x_P^0$ at time $t=0$.
We propose a misanthrope process, defined on a ring, which realizes the totally asymmetric simple exclusion process with open boundaries. In the misanthrope process, particles have no exclusion interactions in contrast to those in the simple exclusion process, while the hop rates depend on both numbers of particles at departure and arrival sites. Arranging the hop rates, we can recover the simple exclusion property and also make a condensate, which grows at an arbitrary single site, behave as an external reservoir providing and absorbing particles. It is known that, under some condition, the m…
We determine all families of Markovian three-states lattice gases with pair interaction and a single local conservation law. One such family of models is an asymmetric exclusion process where particles exist in two different nonconserved states. We derive conditions on the transition rates between the two states such that the shock has a particularly simple structure with minimal intrinsic shock width and random walk dynamics. We calculate the drift velocity and diffusion coefficient of the shock.
The one-dimensional Asymmetric Exclusion Process (ASEP) is a paradigm for nonequilibrium dynamics, in particular driven diffusive processes. It is usually considered in a canonical ensemble in which the number of sites is fixed. We observe that the grand-canonical partition function for the ASEP is remarkably simple. It allows a simple direct derivation of the asymptotics of the canonical normalization in various phases and of the correspondence with One-Transit Walks recently observed by Brak et.al.
We consider the totally asymmetric simple exclusion process (TASEP) on a finite lattice with open boundaries. We show, using the recursive structure of the Markov matrix that encodes the dynamics, that there exist two transfer matrices $T_{L-1,L}$ and $\tilde{T}_{L-1,L}$ that intertwine the Markov matrices of consecutive system sizes: $\tilde{T}_{L-1,L}M_{L-1}=M_{L}T_{L-1,L}$. This semi-conjugation property of the dynamics provides an algebraic counterpart for the matrix-product representation of the steady state of the process.
In this paper, we study boundary-induced phase transitions in a particle non-conserving asymmetric simple exclusion process with open boundaries. Using boundary layer analysis, we show that the key signatures of various bulk phase transitions are present in the boundary layers of the density profiles. In addition, we also find possibilities of surface transitions in the low- and high- density phases. The surface transition in the low-density phase provides a more complete description of the non-equilibrium critical point found in this system.
We calculate the spectral gap of the Markov matrix of the totally asymmetric simple exclusion process (TASEP) on a ring of L sites with N particles. Our derivation is simple and self-contained and extends a previous calculation that was valid only for half-filling. We use a special property of the Bethe equations for TASEP to reformulate them as a one-body problem. Our method is closely related to the one used to derive exact large deviation functions of the TASEP.
We consider the totally asymmetric exclusion process (TASEP) in one dimension in its maximal current phase. We show, by an exact calculation, that the non-Gaussian part of the fluctuations of density can be described in terms of the statistical properties of a Brownian excursion. Numerical simulations indicate that the description in terms of a Brownian excursion remains valid for more general one dimensional driven systems in their maximal current phase.
The one-dimensional partially asymmetric simple exclusion process with open boundaries is considered. The stationary state, which is known to be constructed in a matrix product form, is studied by applying the theory of q-orthogonal polynomials. Using a formula of the q-Hermite polynomials, the average density profile is computed in the thermodynamic limit. The phase diagram for the correlation length, which was conjectured in the previous work[J. Phys. A {\bf 32} (1999) 7109], is confirmed.
A 2-D version of the asymmetric exclusion model for granular sheared flows is presented. The velocity profile exhibits two qualitatively different behaviors, dependent on control parameters. For low friction, the velocity profile follows an exponential decay while for large friction the profile is more accurately represented by a Gaussian law. The phase transition occurring between these two behavior is identified by the appearance of correlations in the cluster size distribution. Finally, a mean--field theory gives qualitative and quantitative good agreement with the numerical results.
The additivity principle allows a calculation of current fluctuations and associated density profiles in large diffusive systems. In order to test its validity in the weakly asymmetric exclusion process with open boundaries, we use a numerical approach based on the density matrix renormalisation. With this technique, we determine the cumulant generating function of the current and the density profile corresponding to atypical currents in finite systems. We find that these converge to those predicted by the additivity principle. No evidence for dynamical phase transitions is found.
We study the steady state of the two-species Asymmetric Simple Exclusion Process (ASEP) with open boundary conditions. The matrix product method works for the determination of the stationary probability distribution. Several physical quantities are calculated through an explicit representation for the matrix products. By making full use of the relation with the continuous big q-Hermite polynomials, we arrive at integral formulae for the partition function and the n-point functions. We examine the thermodynamic limit and find three phases: the low-density phase, the high-density phase and the m…
The boundary-induced phase transitions in an asymmetric simple exclusion process with inter-particle repulsion and bulk non-conservation are analyzed through the fixed points of the boundary layers. This system is known to have phases in which particle density profiles have different kinds of shocks. We show how this boundary-layer fixed-point method allows us to gain physical insights on the nature of the phases and also to obtain several quantitative results on the density profiles especially on the nature of the boundary-layers and shocks.
We consider steady-state current activity statistics for the one-dimensional totally asymmetric simple exclusion process (TASEP). With the help of the known operator algebra (for general open boundary conditions), as well as general probabilistic concepts (for the periodic case), we derive and evaluate closed-form expressions for the lowest three moments of the probability distribution function. These are confirmed, to excellent degree of accuracy, by numerical simulations. Further exact expressions and asymptotic approximations are provided for probability distributions and generating functio…
We present a spectral study of the evolution matrix of the totally asymmetric exclusion process on a ring at half filling. The natural symmetries (translation, charge conjugation combined with reflection) predict only two fold degeneracies. However, we have found that degeneracies of higher order also exist and, as the system size increases, higher and higher orders appear. These degeneracies become generic in the limit of very large systems. This behaviour can be explained by the Bethe Ansatz and suggests the presence of hidden symmetries in the model. Keywords: ASEP, Markov matrix, symmetrie…
We study the fluctuation properties of the asymmetric simple exclusion process (ASEP) on an infinite one-dimensional lattice. When $N$ particles are initially situated in the negative region with a uniform density $ρ_-=1$, Johansson showed the equivalence of the current fluctuation of ASEP and the largest eigenvalue distribution of random matrices. We extend Johansson's formula and derive modified ensembles of random matrices, corresponding to general ASEP initial conditions. Taking the scaling limit, we find that a phase change of the asymptotic current fluctuation occurs at a critical positi…
We study the asymmetric exclusion process with open boundaries and derive the exact form of the joint probability function for the occupation number and the current through the system. We further consider the thermodynamic limit, showing that the resulting distribution is non-Gaussian and that the density fluctuations have a discontinuity at the continuous phase transition, while the current fluctuations are continuous. The derivations are performed by using the standard operator algebraic approach, and by the introduction of new operators satisfying a modified version of the original algebra.
We find the exact solution for the stationary state measure of the partially asymmetric exclusion process on a ring with multiple species of particles. The solution is in the form of a matrix product representation where the matrices for a system of N species are defined recursively in terms of the matrices for a system of N-1 species. A complete proof is given, based on the quadratic relations verified by these matrices. This matrix product construction is interpreted in terms of the action of a transfer matrix.
A multi-species generalization of the asymmetric simple exclusion process (ASEP) is studied in ordered sequential and sub-lattice parallel updating schemes. In this model particles hop with their own specific probabilities to their rightmost empty site and fast particles overtake slow ones with a definite probability. Using Matrix Product Ansatz (MPA), we obtain the relevant algebra, and study the uncorrelated stationary state of the model both for an open system and on a ring. A complete comparison between the physical results in these updates and those of random sequential introduced in [20,…
The probability distribution of the current in the asymmetric simple exclusion process is expected to undergo a phase transition in the regime of weak asymmetry of the jumping rates. This transition was first predicted by Bodineau and Derrida using a linear stability analysis of the hydrodynamical limit of the process and further arguments have been given by Mallick and Prolhac. However it has been impossible so far to study what happens after the transition. The present paper presents an analysis of the large deviation function of the current on both sides of the transition from a Bethe ansat…
We study the fluctuations of the current J(t) of the totally asymmetric exclusion process with open boundaries. Using a density matrix renormalization group approach, we calculate the cumulant generating function of the current. This function can be interpreted as a free energy for an ensemble in which histories are weighted by exp(-sJ(t)). We show that in this ensemble the model has a first order space-time phase transition at s=0. We numerically determine the finite size scaling of the cumulant generating function near this phase transition, both in the non-equilibrium steady state and for l…
We study the generic non-equilibrium steady states in asymmetric exclusion processes on a closed network with bottlenecks. To this end we proposes and study closed simple networks with multiply-connected non-identical junctions. Depending upon the parameters that define the network junctions and the particle number density, the models display phase transitions with both static and moving density inhomogeneities. The currents in the models can be tuned by the junction parameters. Our models highlight how extended and point defects may affect the density profiles in a closed directed network. Ph…
In this paper, we study an exact solution of the asymmetric simple exclusion process on a periodic lattice of finite sites with two typical updates, i.e., random and parallel. Then, we find that the explicit formulas for the partition function and the average velocity are expressed by the Gauss hypergeometric function. In order to obtain these results, we effectively exploit the recursion formula for the partition function for the zero-range process. The zero-range process corresponds to the asymmetric simple exclusion process if one chooses the relevant hop rates of particles, and the recursi…
We study a two-species partially asymmetric exclusion process where the left boundary is permeable for the `slower' species but the right boundary is not. We find a matrix product solution for the stationary state, and the exact stationary phase diagram for the densities and currents. By calculating the density of each species at the boundaries, we find further structure in the stationary phases. In particular, we find that the slower species can reach and accumulate at the far boundary, even in phases where the bulk density of these particles approaches zero.
We study a one-dimensional totally asymmetric simple exclusion process with one special site from which particles fly to any empty site (not just to the neighboring site). The system attains a non-trivial stationary state with density profile varying over the spatial extent of the system. The density profile undergoes a non-equilibrium phase transition when the average density passes through the critical value 1-1/[4(1-ln 2)]=0.185277..., viz. in addition to the discontinuity in the vicinity of the special site, a shock wave is formed in the bulk of the system when the density exceeds the crit…
Using the matrix product formalism we formulate a natural p-species generalization of the asymmetric simple exclusion process. In this model particles hop with their own specific rate and fast particles can overtake slow ones with a rate equal to their relative speed. We obtain the algebraic structure and study the properties of the representations in detail. The uncorrelated steady state for the open system is obtained and in the ($p \to \infty)$ limit, the dependence of its characteristics on the distribution of velocities is determined. It is shown that when the total arrival rate of partic…
Multi-particle dynamics in one-dimensional asymmetric exclusion processes with disorder is investigated theoretically by computational and analytical methods. It is argued that the general phase diagram consists of three non-equilibrium phases that are determined by the dynamic behavior at the entrance, at the exit and at the slowest defect bond in the bulk of the system. Specifically, we consider dynamics of asymmetric exclusion process with two identical defect bonds as a function of distance between them. Two approximate theoretical methods, that treat the system as a sequence of segments w…
We analyze the Bethe ansatz equations describing the complete spectrum of the transition matrix of the partially asymmetric exclusion process on a finite lattice and with the most general open boundary conditions. We extend results obtained recently for totally asymmetric diffusion [J. de Gier and F.H.L. Essler, J. Stat. Mech. P12011 (2006)] to the case of partial symmetry. We determine the finite-size scaling of the spectral gap, which characterizes the approach to stationarity at large times, in the low and high density regimes and on the coexistence line. We observe boundary induced crossov…
We study the spectrum of the Markov matrix of the totally asymmetric exclusion process (TASEP) on a one-dimensional periodic lattice at ARBITRARY filling. Although the system does not possess obvious symmetries except translation invariance, the spectrum presents many multiplets with degeneracies of high order. This behaviour is explained by a hidden symmetry property of the Bethe Ansatz. Combinatorial formulae for the orders of degeneracy and the corresponding number of multiplets are derived and compared with numerical results obtained from exact diagonalisation of small size systems. This u…
We prove the nonequilibrium fluctuations of one-dimensional, boundary driven, weakly asymmetric exclusion processes through a microscopic Cole-Hopf transformation.
To synthesize proteins in a cell, an mRNA has to work with a finite pool of ribosomes. When this constraint is included in the modeling by a totally asymmetric simple exclusion process (TASEP), non-trivial consequences emerge. Here, we consider its effects on the power spectrum of the total occupancy, through Monte Carlo simulations and analytical methods. New features, such as dramatic suppressions at low frequencies, are discovered. We formulate a theory based on a linearized Langevin equation with discrete space and time. The good agreement between its predictions and simulation results pro…
A generalization of the simple exclusion asymmetric model is introduced. In this model an arbitrary mixture of molecules with distinct sizes $s = 0,1,2,...$, in units of lattice space, diffuses asymmetrically on the lattice. A related surface growth model is also presented. Variations of the distribution of molecules's sizes may change the excluded volume almost continuously. We solve the model exactly through the Bethe ansatz and the dynamical critical exponent $z$ is calculated from the finite-size corrections of the mass gap of the related quantum chain. Our results show that for an arbitra…
We derive the Bethe ansatz equations describing the complete spectrum of the transition matrix of the partially asymmetric exclusion process with the most general open boundary conditions. By analysing these equations in detail for the cases of totally asymmetric and symmetric diffusion, we calculate the finite-size scaling of the spectral gap, which characterizes the approach to stationarity at large times. In the totally asymmetric case we observe boundary induced crossovers between massive, diffusive and KPZ scaling regimes. We further study higher excitations, and demonstrate the absence o…
We conjecture an exact expression for the large deviation function of the stationary state current in the partially asymmetric exclusion process with periodic boundary conditions. This expression is checked for small systems using functional Bethe Ansatz. It generalizes a previous result by Derrida and Lebowitz for the totally asymmetric exclusion process, and gives the known values for the three first cumulants of the current in the partially asymmetric model. Our result is written in terms of tree structures and provides a new example of a link between integrable models and combinatorics.
Using Monte Carlo simulations and a domain wall theory, we discuss the effect of coupling several totally asymmetric simple exclusion processes (TASEPs) to a finite reservoir of particles. This simple model mimics directed biological transport processes in the presence of finite resources, such as protein synthesis limited by a finite pool of ribosomes. If all TASEPs have equal length, we find behavior which is analogous to a single TASEP coupled to a finite pool. For the more generic case of chains with different lengths, several unanticipated new regimes emerge. A generalized domain wall the…
The totally asymmetric simple exclusion process along with particle adsorption and evaporation kinetics is a model of boundary-induced nonequilibrium phase transition. In the continuum limit, the average particle density across the system is described by a singular differential equation involving multiple scales which lead to the formation of boundary layers (BL) or shocks. A renormalization group analysis is developed here by using the location and the width of the BL as the renormalization parameters. It not only allows us to cure the large distance divergences in the perturbative solution f…
We study a system composed of two parallel totally asymmetric simple exclusion processes with open boundaries, where the particles move in the two lanes in opposite directions and are allowed to jump to the other lane with rates inversely proportional to the length of the system. Stationary density profiles are determined and the phase diagram of the model is constructed in the hydrodynamic limit, by solving the differential equations describing the steady state of the system, analytically for vanishing total current and numerically for nonzero total current. The system possesses phases with a…
We prove the symmetry of the Diffusion Coefficient appearing in the fluctuation-dissipation theorem for the general asymmetric simple exclusion process.
We show that in the asymmetric simple exclusion process (ASEP) on a ring, conditioned on carrying a large flux, the particle experience an effective long-range potential which in the limit of very large flux takes the simple form $U= -2\sum_{i\neq j}\log|\sinπ(n_{i}/L-n_{j}/L)|$, where $n_{1}% n_{2},\ldots n_{N}$ are the particle positions, similar to the effective potential between the eigenvalues of the circular unitary ensemble in random matrices. Effective hopping rates and various quasistationary probabilities under such a conditioning are found analytically using the Bethe ansatz and det…
An integrable asymmetric exclusion process with impurities is formulated. The model displays the full spectrum of the stochastic asymmetric XXZ chain plus new levels. We derive the Bethe equations and calculate the spectral gap for the totally asymmetric diffusion at half filling. While the standard asymmetric exclusion process without impurities belongs to the KPZ universality class with a exponent 3/2, our model has a scaling exponent 5/2.
We construct a one-dimensional totally asymmetric simple exclusion process (TASEP) on a ring with two segments having unequal hopping rates, coupled to particle non-conserving Langmuir kinetics (LK) characterized by equal attachment and detachment rates. In the steady state, in the limit of competing LK and TASEP, the model is always found in states of phase coexistence. We uncover a nonequilibrium phase transition between a three-phase and a two-phase coexistence in the faster segment, controlled by the underlying inhomogeneity configurations and LK. The model is always found to be half-fille…
We study the large deviation functional of the current for the Weakly Asymmetric Simple Exclusion Process in contact with two reservoirs.We compare this functional in the large drift limit to the one of the Totally Asymmetric Simple Exclusion Process, in particular to the Jensen-Varadhan functional. Conjectures for generalizing the Jensen-Varadhan functional to open systems are also stated.
The relation between noise and Fick's diffusion coefficient in barrier limited transport associated with hopping or tunneling mechanisms of particles obeying the asymmetric simple exclusion processes (ASEP) is physically assessed by Monte Carlo simulations. For a closed ring consisting of a large number of barriers the diffusion coefficient is related explicitly to the current noise thus revealing the existence of a generalized Nyquist-Einstein relation. Both diffusion and noise are confirmed to decrease as the square root of the number of barriers as a consequence of the correlation induced b…
The asymmetric simple exclusion process (ASEP) with periodic boundary conditions is investigated for shuffled dynamics. In this type of update, in each discrete timestep the particles are updated in a random sequence. Such an update is important for several applications, e.g. for certain models of pedestrian flow in two dimensions. For the ASEP with shuffled dynamics and a related truncated process exact results are obtained for deterministic motion (p=1). Since the shuffled dynamics is intrinsically stochastic, also this case is nontrivial. For the case of stochastic motion (0<p<1) it is show…
We revisit a totally asymmetric simple exclusion process (TASEP) with open boundaries and a global constraint on the total number of particles [Adams, et. al. 2008 J. Stat. Mech. P06009]. In this model, the entry rate of particles into the lattice depends on the number available in the reservoir. Thus, the total occupation on the lattice feeds back into its filling process. Although a simple domain wall theory provided reasonably good predictions for Monte Carlo simulation results for certain quantities, it did not account for the fluctuations of this feedback. We generalize the previous study…
Generalization of the one-dimensional totally asymmetric exclusion process (TASEP) with open boundary conditions in which particles are allowed to jump $l$ sites ahead with the probability $p_l\sim 1/l^{σ+1}$ is studied by Monte Carlo simulations and the domain-wall approach. For $σ>1$ the standard TASEP phase diagram is recovered, but the density profiles near the transition lines display new features when $1<σ<2$. At the first-order transition line, the domain-wall is localized and phase separation is observed. In the maximum-current phase the profile has an algebraic decay with a $σ$-depend…
