使用探地雷达推导Austre Lovénbreen（斯瓦尔巴特群岛）的冰厚度、冰川体积和基岩形态
Deriving ice thickness, glacier volume and bedrock morphology of the Austre Lovénbreen (Svalbard) using Ground-penetrating Radar
摘要：
Austre Lovénbreen是斯瓦尔巴群岛（北纬79度）上一个4.6平方公里的冰川，在过去47年中进行了调查，特别是在当今全球变暖的背景下监测冰川演变和相关的水文现象。一个为期三周的实地调查，2010年4月允许收购的密集网格的探地雷达（GPR）数据，平均每平方公里14683点（67542点）的冰川表面。这些剖面是用一个装有100兆赫天线的马拉设备采集的，拖得足够慢，平均每隔0.3米就记录一次，这条轨迹足够长，可以探测到189米深的冰层。用50 MHz天线重复一个剖面，以改善在最靠近斜坡的圆环中观察到的散射介质中的电磁波传播深度。探地雷达与全球定位系统相连，以定位轨迹。每个剖面都使用标准GPR数据处理（包括偏移）进行手动编辑，以选择来自冰-基岩界面的反射到达时间。通过42个雪钻测量来评估积雪覆盖率，这些测量定期间隔以覆盖所有冰川。这些数据是在探地雷达调查时获得的，随后使用普通克里金法进行空间插值。使用0.22 m/ns的雪速度，将雪厚度转换为电磁波旅行时间，并从所选的旅行时间中减去冰-基岩界面。使用0.17 m/ns的速度将所得旅行时间转换为冰厚度。速度的不确定性进行了讨论，从一个共同的中点剖面分析。共67542地理参考数据点与GPR派生的冰厚度，除了冰川边界线来自卫星图像在夏季期间拍摄的，插值在整个冰川表面使用克里格与10米的网格大小。进行了不确定度分析，计算出平均冰厚为76 m，最大冰深为164 m，相对误差为11.9%。冰川体积为0.3487 $\pm$ 0.041 km 3。最后，通过从双频GPS导出的表面数字高程模型中减去冰厚，得出基岩地形的10米网格图。这两个数据集是模拟冰川及其基岩的热演化以及主要水文网络的第一步。
英文摘要：
The Austre Lovénbreen is a 4.6 km2 glacier on the Archipelago of Svalbard (79 degrees N) that has been surveyed over the last 47 years in order of monitoring in particular the glacier evolution and associated hydrological phenomena in the context of nowadays global warming. A three-week field survey over April 2010 allowed for the acquisition of a dense mesh of Ground-penetrating Radar (GPR) data with an average of 14683 points per km2 (67542 points total) on the glacier surface. The profiles were acquired using a Mala equipment with 100 MHz antennas, towed slowly enough to record on average every 0.3 m, a trace long enough to sound down to 189 m of ice. One profile was repeated with 50 MHz antenna to improve electromagnetic wave propagation depth in scattering media observed in the cirques closest to the slopes. The GPR was coupled to a GPS system to position traces. Each profile has been manually edited using standard GPR data processing including migration, to pick the reflection arrival time from the ice-bedrock interface. Snow cover was evaluated through 42 snow drilling measurements regularly spaced to cover all the glacier. These data were acquired at the time of the GPR survey and subsequently spatially interpolated using ordinary kriging. Using a snow velocity of 0.22 m/ns, the snow thickness was converted to electromagnetic wave travel-times and subtracted from the picked travel-times to the ice-bedrock interface. The resulting travel-times were converted to ice thickness using a velocity of 0.17 m/ns. The velocity uncertainty is discussed from a common mid-point profile analysis. A total of 67542 georeferenced data points with GPR-derived ice thicknesses, in addition to a glacier boundary line derived from satellite images taken during summer, were interpolated over the entire glacier surface using kriging with a 10 m grid size. Some uncertainty analysis were carried on and we calculated an averaged ice thickness of 76 m and a maximum depth of 164 m with a relative error of 11.9%. The volume of the glacier is derived as 0.3487$\pm$0.041 km3. Finally a 10-m grid map of the bedrock topography was derived by subtracting the ice thicknesses from a dual-frequency GPS-derived digital elevation model of the surface. These two datasets are the first step for modelling thermal evolution of the glacier and its bedrock, as well as the main hydrological network.
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