The Hot and Energetic Universe: The evolution of galaxy groups and clusters
E. Pointecouteau, T. H. Reiprich, C. Adami, M. Arnaud, V. Biffi, S. Borgani, K. Borm, H. Bourdin, M. Brueggen, E. Bulbul, N. Clerc, J. H. Croston, K. Dolag, S. … 展开作者
E. Pointecouteau, T. H. Reiprich, C. Adami, M. Arnaud, V. Biffi, S. Borgani, K. Borm, H. Bourdin, M. Brueggen, E. Bulbul, N. Clerc, J. H. Croston, K. Dolag, S. Ettori, A. Finoguenov, J. Kaastra, L. Lovisari, B. Maughan, P. Mazzotta, F. Pacaud, J. de Plaa, G. W. Pratt, M. Ramos-Ceja, E. Rasia, J. Sanders, Y. -Y. Zhang, S. Allen, H. Boehringer, G. Brunetti, D. Elbaz, R. Fassbender, H. Hoekstra, H. Hildebrandt, G. Lamer, D. Marrone, J. Mohr, S. Molendi, J. Nevalainen, T. Ohashi, N. Ota, M. Pierre, K. Romer, S. Schindler, T. Schrabback, A. Schwope, R. Smith, V. Springel, A. von der Linden
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Supporting paper for the science theme The Hot and Energetic Universe to be implemented by the Athena+ X-ray observatory (http://www.the-athena-x-ray-observatory.eu). 10 pages, 4 figures
Major astrophysical questions related to the formation and evolution of structures, and more specifically of galaxy groups and clusters, will still be open in the coming decade and beyond: what is the interplay of galaxy, supermassive black hole, and intergalactic gas evolution in the most massive objects in the Universe - galaxy groups and clusters? What are the processes driving the evolution of chemical enrichment of the hot diffuse gas in large-scale structures? How and when did the first galaxy groups in the Universe, massive enough to bind more than 10^7 K gas, form? Focussing on the period when groups and clusters assembled (0.5<z<2.5), we show that, due to the continuum and line emission of this hot intergalactic gas at X-ray wavelengths, Athena+, combining high sensitivity with excellent spectral and spatial resolution, will deliver breakthrough observations in view of the aforementioned issues. Indeed, the physical and chemical properties of the hot intra-cluster gas, and their evolution across time, are a key to understand the co-evolution of galaxy and supermassive black hole within their environments.
For most of their lifetime, super-massive black holes (SMBHs) commonly found in galactic nuclei obtain mass from the ambient at a rate well below the Eddington limit, which is mediated by a radiatively inefficient, hot accretion flow. Both theory and numerical simulations predict that a strong wind must exist in such hot accretion flows. The wind is of special interest not only because it is an indispensable ingredient of accretion, but perhaps more importantly, it is believed to play a crucial role in the evolution of the host galaxy via the so-called kinetic mode AGN feedback. Observational …
Hot Jupiters provide valuable natural laboratories for studying potential contributions of high-energy radiation to prebiotic synthesis in the atmospheres of exoplanets. In this fourth paper of the MOVES (Multiwavelength Observations of an eVaporating Exoplanet and its Star) programme, we study the effect of different types of high-energy radiation on the production of organic and prebiotic molecules in the atmosphere of the hot Jupiter HD 189733b. Our model combines X-ray and UV observations from the MOVES programme and 3D climate simulations from the 3D Met Office Unified Model to simulate t…
The propagation length of high-energy photons through the Universe is limited by $e^+e^-$ pair production on the extragalactic background radiation. Previous studies reported discrepancies between predicted and observed attenuation, suggesting explanations in terms of new physics. However, these effects are dominated by a limited number of observed sources, while many do not show any discrepancy. Here, we consider the distribution in the sky of these apparently anomalous objects, selected in two very different approaches: the study of unphysical hardenings at distance-dependent energies in dea…
The Universe is filled with a diffuse background of MeV gamma-rays and PeV neutrinos, whose origins are unknown. Here, we propose a scenario that can account for both backgrounds simultaneously. Low-luminosity active galactic nuclei have hot accretion flows where thermal electrons naturally emit soft gamma rays via Comptonization of their synchrotron photons. Protons there can be accelerated via turbulence or reconnection, producing high-energy neutrinos via hadronic interactions. We demonstrate that our model can reproduce the gamma-ray and neutrino data. Combined with a contribution by hot c…
The energetic composition of radio lobes in the FR II galaxies $-$ estimated by comparing their radio luminosities with the powers required to inflate cavities in the external medium $-$ seems to exclude the possibility of their energetic domination by protons. Furthermore, if the jets were dominated by the kinetic energy of cold protons, it would be difficult to efficiently accelerate leptons in the jets' terminal shocks. Assuming that the relative energy contents of leptons, protons and magnetic fields are preserved across the shocks, the above implies that the large-scale jets should also b…
Tracing the Energetic Outflows from Galactic Nuclei: Observational Evidence for a Large-Scale Bipolar Radio and X-ray-emitting Bubble-like Structure in M106
