炽热而充满活力的宇宙：一份介绍激励雅典娜+任务的科学主题的白皮书
The Hot and Energetic Universe: A White Paper presenting the science theme motivating the Athena+ mission
摘要：
这份白皮书，提交给最近的欧空局呼吁科学主题，以确定其未来的大型任务，主张需要一个转型的飞跃，我们的理解在天体物理学的两个关键问题：1）普通物质如何组装成大尺度结构，我们今天看到的？2)黑洞是如何成长和塑造宇宙的？星系团、星系群和星系际介质中的热气体主导着本宇宙的重子含量。为了了解这些大型结构形成和组装的天体物理过程，有必要测量它们的物理性质和演化。这需要空间分辨X射线光谱仪，与目前计划的设施相比，望远镜吞吐量和空间分辨能力都增加了10倍。来自超大质量黑洞的反馈是这一过程和大多数星系演化模型中的一个重要组成部分，但它还没有得到很好的理解。X射线观测可以独特地揭示在黑洞附近发射风的机制，并确定更大尺度上能量和物质流的耦合。由于反馈的影响，要完全了解星系演化，就需要了解超大质量黑洞在宇宙时间中的模糊增长，直到第一个星系形成的红移。X射线发射是揭示吸积黑洞的最可靠方法，但深度调查速度必须比现有设施提高100倍，才能对早期宇宙进行全面普查。高能天体物理学高级望远镜（雅典娜+）任务提供了解决这些问题的必要性能（例如角分辨率、光谱分辨率、巡天把握），并彻底改变了我们对炽热高能宇宙的理解。这些能力还将提供一个强大的天文台，用于天体物理学的所有领域。
英文摘要：
This White Paper, submitted to the recent ESA call for science themes to define its future large missions, advocates the need for a transformational leap in our understanding of two key questions in astrophysics: 1) How does ordinary matter assemble into the large scale structures that we see today? 2) How do black holes grow and shape the Universe? Hot gas in clusters, groups and the intergalactic medium dominates the baryonic content of the local Universe. To understand the astrophysical processes responsible for the formation and assembly of these large structures, it is necessary to measure their physical properties and evolution. This requires spatially resolved X-ray spectroscopy with a factor 10 increase in both telescope throughput and spatial resolving power compared to currently planned facilities. Feedback from supermassive black holes is an essential ingredient in this process and in most galaxy evolution models, but it is not well understood. X-ray observations can uniquely reveal the mechanisms launching winds close to black holes and determine the coupling of the energy and matter flows on larger scales. Due to the effects of feedback, a complete understanding of galaxy evolution requires knowledge of the obscured growth of supermassive black holes through cosmic time, out to the redshifts where the first galaxies form. X-ray emission is the most reliable way to reveal accreting black holes, but deep survey speed must improve by a factor ~100 over current facilities to perform a full census into the early Universe. The Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics (Athena+) mission provides the necessary performance (e.g. angular resolution, spectral resolution, survey grasp) to address these questions and revolutionize our understanding of the Hot and Energetic Universe. These capabilities will also provide a powerful observatory to be used in all areas of astrophysics.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
