We derive explicit formulas for lambda-brackets of the affine classical W-algebras attached to the minimal and short nilpotent elements of any simple Lie algebra g. This is used to compute explicitly the first non-trivial PDE of the corresponding intgerable generalized Drinfeld-Sokolov hierarchies. It turns out that a reduction of the equation corresponding to a short nilpotent is Svinolupov's equation attached to a simple Jordan algebra, while a reduction of the equation corresponding to a minimal nilpotent is an integrable Hamiltonian equation on 2h-3 functions, where h is the dual Coxeter number of g. In the case when g is sl_2 both these equations coincide with the KdV equation. In the case when g is not of type C_n, we associate to the minimal nilpotent element of g yet another generalized Drinfeld-Sokolov hierarchy.
We provide a description of the Drinfeld-Sokolov Hamiltonian reduction for the construction of classical W-algebras within the framework of Poisson vertex algebras. In this context, the gauge group action on the phase space is translated in terms of (the exponential of) a Lie conformal algebra action on the space of functions. Following the ideas of Drinfeld and Sokolov, we then establish under certain sufficient conditions the applicability of the Lenard-Magri scheme of integrability and the existence of the corresponding integrable hierarchy of bi-Hamiltonian equations.
For each Drinfeld-Sokolov integrable hierarchy associated to affine Kac-Moody algebra, we obtain a uniform construction of tau function by using tau-symmetric Hamiltonian densities, moreover, we represent its Virasoro symmetries as linear/nonlinear actions on the tau function. The relations between the tau function constructed in this paper and those defined for particular cases of Drinfeld-Sokolov hierarchies in the literature are clarified. We also show that, whenever the affine Kac-Moody algebra is simply-laced or twisted, the tau functions of the Drinfeld-Sokolov hierarchy coincide with th…
The Drinfeld-Sokolov hierarchies are integrable hierarchies associated with every affine Lie algebra. We present a new construction of such hierarchies, which only requires the computations of a formal Laurent series.
For a diagram automorphism of an affine Kac-Moody algebra such that the folded diagram is still an affine Dynkin diagram, we show that the associated Drinfeld-Sokolov hierarchy also admits an induced automorphism. Then we show how to obtain the Drinfeld-Sokolov hierarchy associated to the affine Kac-Moody algebra that corresponds to the folded Dynkin diagram from the invariant sub-hierarchy of the original Drinfeld-Sokolov hierarchy.
We study the Drinfeld-Sokolov hierarchies of type A_n^{(1)} associated with the regular conjugacy classes of W(A_n). A class of fourth order Painleve systems is derived from them by similarity reductions.
The dispersionless limit of generalized Drinfeld-Sokolov hierarchies associated to primitive regular conjugacy class of Weyl group W(g) is discussed. The map from these generalized Drinfeld - Sokolov hierarchies to algebraic solutions to WDVV equations has been constructed. Finite dimensional geometry behind hierarchies is studied. Example of g=D_4 and [w]=D_4(a_1) is considered in details and corresponding Frobenius structure is found.
In this paper, the dispersionless D type Drinfeld-Sokolov hierarchy, i.e. a reduction of the dispersionless two-component BKP hierarchy, is studied. The additional symmetry flows of this herarchy are presented. These flows form an infinite dimensional Lie algebra of Block type as well as a Lie algebra of Hamiltonian type.
We construct a tau cover of the generalized Drinfeld-Sokolov hierarchy associated to an arbitrary affine Kac-Moody algebra with gradations $\mathrm{s}\le\mathds{1}$ and derive its Virasoro symmetries. By imposing the Virasoro constraints we obtain solutions of the Drinfeld-Sokolov hierarchy of Witten-Kontsevich and of Brezin-Gross-Witten types, and of those characterized by certain ordinary differential equations of Painlevé type. We also show the existence of affine Weyl group actions on solutions of such Painlevé type equations, which generalizes the theory of Noumi and Yamada on affine Weyl…
We construct generalized additional symmetries of a two-component BKP hierarchy defined by two pseudo-differential Lax operators. These additional symmetry flows form a Block type algebra with some modified(or additional) terms because of a B type reduction condition of this integrable hierarchy. Further we show that the D type Drinfeld-Sokolov hierarchy, which is a reduction of the two-component BKP hierarchy, possess a complete Block type additional symmetry algebra. That D type Drinfeld-Sokolov hierarchy has a similar algebraic structure as the bigraded Toda hierarchy which is a differentia…
Using the Weiss method of truncated singular expansions, we construct an explicit Backlund transformation of the Drinfeld-Sokolov-Satsuma-Hirota system into itself. Then we find all the special solutions generated by this transformation from the trivial zero solution of this system.
In this article, we propose a q-analogue of the Drinfeld-Sokolov hierarchy of type A. We also discuss its relationship with the q-Painleve VI equation and the q-hypergeometric function.
We describe a geometric theory of Virasoro constraints in generalized Drinfeld-Sokolov hierarchies. Solutions of Drinfeld-Sokolov hierarchies are succinctly described by giving a principal bundle on a complex curve together with the data of a Higgs field near infinity. String solutions for these hierarchies are defined as points having a big stabilizer under a certain Lie algebra action. We characterize principal bundles coming from string solutions as those possessing connections compatible with the Higgs field near infinity. We show that tau-functions of string solutions satisfy second-order…
The Drinfeld - Sokolov construction associates a hierarchy of bihamiltonian integrable systems with every untwisted affine Lie algebra. We compute the complete set of invariants of the related bihamiltonian structures with respect to the group of Miura type transformations.
We give a general method to compute the expansion of topological tau functions for Drinfeld-Sokolov hierarchies associated to an arbitrary untwisted affine Kac-Moody algebra. Our method consists of two main steps: first these tau functions are expressed as (formal) Fredholm determinants of the type appearing in the Borodin-Okounkov formula, then the kernels for these determinants are found using a reduced form of the string equation. A number of explicit examples are given.
For each affine Kac-Moody algebra $X_n^{(r)}$ of rank $\ell$, $r=1,2$, or $3$, and for every choice of a vertex $c_m$, $m=0,\dots,\ell$, of the corresponding Dynkin diagram, by using the matrix-resolvent method we define a gauge-invariant tau-structure for the associated Drinfeld-Sokolov hierarchy and give explicit formulas for generating series of logarithmic derivatives of the tau-function in terms of matrix resolvents, extending the results of [Mosc. Math. J. 21 (2021), 233-270, arXiv:1610.07534] with $r=1$ and $m=0$. For the case $r=1$ and $m=0$, we verify that the above-defined tau-struct…
We prove that the classical $W$-algebra associated to a nilpotent orbit in a simple Lie-algebra can be constructed by preforming bihamiltonian, Drinfeld-Sokolov or Dirac reductions. We conclude that the classical $W$-algebra depends only on the nilpotent orbit but not on the choice of a good grading or an isotropic subspace. In addition, using this result we prove again that the transverse Poisson structure to a nilpotent orbit is polynomial and we better clarify the relation between classical and finite $W$-algebras.
The purpose of this article is to investigate relations between W-superalgebras and integrable super-Hamiltonian systems. To this end, we introduce the generalized Drinfel'd-Sokolov (D-S) reduction associated to a Lie superalgebra $g$ and its even nilpotent element $f$, and we find a new definition of the classical affine W-superalgebra $W(g,f,k)$ via the D-S reduction. This new construction allows us to find free generators of $W(g,f,k)$, as a differential superalgebra, and two independent Lie brackets on $W(g,f,k)/\partial W(g,f,k).$ Moreover, we describe super-Hamiltonian systems with the P…
According to the ADE Witten conjecture, which is proved by Fan, Jarvis and Ruan, the total descendant potential of the FJRW invariants of an ADE singularity is a tau function of the corresponding mirror ADE Drinfeld-Sokolov hierarchy. In the present paper, we show that there is a finite group $Γ$ acting on a certain ADE singularity which induces an action on the corresponding FJRW-theory, and the $Γ$-invariant sector also satisfies the axioms of a cohomological field theory except the gluing loop axiom. On the other hand, we show that there is also a $Γ$-action on the mirror Drinfeld-Sokolov h…
In this paper we compute explicitly the double ramification hierarchy and its quantization for the $D_4$ Dubrovin-Saito cohomological field theory obtained applying the Givental-Teleman reconstruction theorem to the $D_4$ Coxeter group Frobenius manifold, or equivalently the $D_4$ Fan-Jarvis-Ruan-Witten cohomological field theory (with respect to the non-maximal diagonal symmetry group $\langle J\rangle = \mathbb{Z}_3$). We then prove its equivalence to the corresponding Dubrovin-Zhang hierarchy, which was known to coincide with the $D_4$ Drinfeld-Sokolov hierarchy. Our techniques provide henc…
We propose a novel semi-discrete Kadomtsev--Petviashvili equation with two discrete and one continuous independent variables, which is integrable in the sense of having the standard and adjoint Lax pairs, from the direct linearisation framework. By performing reductions on the semi-discrete Kadomtsev--Petviashvili equation, new semi-discrete versions of the Drinfel'd--Sokolov hierarchies associated with Kac--Moody Lie algebras $A_r^{(1)}$, $A_{2r}^{(2)}$, $C_r^{(1)}$ and $D_{r+1}^{(2)}$ are successfully constructed. A Lax pair involving the fraction of $\mathbb{Z}_\mathcal{N}$ graded matrices …
We give an interpretation of the holographic correspondence between two-dimensional $BF$ theory on the punctured disk with gauge group ${\rm PSL}(2,\mathbb R)$ and Schwarzian quantum mechanics in terms of a Drinfeld-Sokolov reduction. The latter, in turn, is equivalent to the presence of certain edge states imposing a first class constraint on the model. The constrained path integral localizes over exceptional Virasoro coadjoint orbits. The reduced theory is governed by the Schwarzian action functional generating a Hamiltonian $S^1$-action on the orbits. The partition function is given by a su…
A family of mappings from the solution spaces of certain generalized Drinfeld-Sokolov hierarchies to the self-dual Yang-Mills system on R^{2,2} is described. This provides an extension of the well-known relationship between self-dual connections and integrable hierarchies of AKNS and Drinfeld-Sokolov type.
The Lax operator of the Gaudin type models is a 1-form on the classical level. In virtue of the quantization scheme proposed in [Talalaev04] (hep-th/0404153) it is natural to treat the quantum Lax operator as a connection; this connection is a particular case of the Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov connection [ChervovTalalaev06] (hep-th/0604128). In this paper we find a gauge transformation which produces the "second normal form" or the "Drinfeld-Sokolov" form. Moreover the differential operator naturally corresponding to this form is given precisely by the quantum characteristic polynomial [Talalaev04]…
We extend the approach to $τ$-functions as Widom constants developed by Cafasso, Gavrylenko and Lisovyy to orthogonal loop group Drinfeld-Sokolov hierarchies and isomonodromic deformations systems. The combinatorial expansion of the $τ$-function as a sum of correlators, each expressed as products of finite determinants, follows from using multicomponent fermionic vacuum expectation values of certain dressing operators encoding the initial conditions and the dependence on the flow (or deformation) parameters. When reduced to the orthogonal case, these correlators become finite Pfaffians and the…
We construct the additional symmetries and derive the Adler-Shiota-van Moerbeke formula for the two-component BKP hierarchy. We also show that the Drinfeld-Sokolov hierarchies of type D, which are reduced from the two-component BKP hierarchy, possess symmetries written as the action of a series of linear Virasoro operators on the tau function. It results in that the Drinfeld-Sokolov hierarchies of type D coincide with Dubrovin and Zhang's hierarchies associated to the Frobenius manifolds for Coxeter groups of type D, and that every solution of such a hierarchy together with the string equation…
This paper is meant to be a short review and summary of recent results on the structure of finite and affine classical W-algebras, and the application of the latter to the theory of generalized Drinfeld-Sokolov hierarchies.
We prove that any classical affine W-algebra W(g,f), where g is a classical Lie algebra and f is an arbitrary nilpotent element of g, carries an integrable Hamiltonian hierarchy of Lax type equations. This is based on the theories of generalized Adler type operators and of generalized quasideterminants, which we develop in the paper. Moreover, we show that under certain conditions, the product of two generalized Adler type operators is a Lax type operator. We use this fact to construct a large number of integrable Hamiltonian systems, recovering, as a special case, all KdV type hierarchies con…
First, we give a brief review of the theory of the Lenard-Magri scheme for a non-local bi-Poisson structure and of the theory of Dirac reduction. These theories are used in the remainder of the paper to prove integrability of three hierarchies of bi-Hamiltonian PDE's, obtained by Dirac reduction from some generalized Drinfeld-Sokolov hierarchies.
We extend the homological method of quantization of generalized Drinfeld--Sokolov reductions to affine superalgebras. This leads, in particular, to a unified representation theory of superconformal algebras.
We introduce a new family of affine $W$-algebras associated with the centralizers of arbitrary nilpotent elements in $\mathfrak{gl}_N$. We define them by using a version of the BRST complex of the quantum Drinfeld--Sokolov reduction. A family of free generators of the new algebras is produced in an explicit form. We also give an analogue of the Fateev--Lukyanov realization for these algebras by applying a Miura-type map.
We consider Drinfeld-Sokolov bihamiltonian structure associated to a distinguished nilpotent elements of semisimple type and the space of common equilibrium points defined by its leading term. On this space, we construct a local bihamiltonian structure which form an exact Poisson pencil, defines an algebraic classical $W$-algebra, admits a dispersionless limit, and its leading term defines an algebraic Frobenius manifold. This leads to a uniform construction of algebraic Frobenius manifolds corresponding to regular cuspidal conjugacy classes in irreducible Weyl groups.
In this article we formulate a group of birational transformations which is isomorphic to an extended affine Weyl group of type $(A_{2n+1}+A_1+A_1)^{(1)}$ with the aid of mutations and permutations of vertices to a mutation-periodic quiver on a torus. This group provides a class of higher order generalizations of Jimbo-Sakai's $q$-Painlevé VI equation as translations on a root lattice. Then the known three systems are obtained again; the $q$-Garnier system, a similarity reduction of the lattice $q$-UC hierarchy and a similarity reduction of the $q$-Drinfeld-Sokolov hierarchy.
In the first part of this paper, we discuss the classical W-algebra $\mathcal{W}(\mathfrak{g}, F)$ associated with a Lie superalgebra $\mathfrak{g}$ and the nilpotent element $F$ in an $\mathfrak{sl}_2$-triple. We find a generating set of $\mathcal{W}(\mathfrak{g}, F)$ and compute the Poisson brackets between them. In the second part, which is the main part of the paper, we discuss supersymmetric classical W-algebras. We introduce two different constructions of a supersymmetric classical W-algebra $\mathcal{W}(\mathfrak{g}, f)$ associated with a Lie superalgebra $\mathfrak{g}$ and an odd nilpo…
Let $\mathfrak{g}$ be a simple finite-dimensional Lie superalgebra with a non-degenerate supersymmetric even invariant bilinear form, $f$ a nilpotent element in the even part of $\mathfrak{g}$, $Γ$ a good grading of $\mathfrak{g}$ for $f$ and $\mathcal{W}^{k}(\mathfrak{g},f;Γ)$ the $\mathcal{W}$-algebra associated with $\mathfrak{g},f,k,Γ$ defined by the generalized Drinfeld-Sokolov reduction. In this paper, we present each $\mathcal{W}$-algebra as the intersection of kernels of the screening operators, acting on the tensor vertex superalgebra of an affine vertex superalgebra and a neutral fre…
We construct a hierarchy of integrable systems whose Poisson structure corresponds to the BMS$_{3}$ algebra, and then discuss its description in terms of the Riemannian geometry of locally flat spacetimes in three dimensions. The analysis is performed in terms of two-dimensional gauge fields for $isl(2,R)$. Although the algebra is not semisimple, the formulation can be carried out à la Drinfeld-Sokolov because it admits a nondegenerate invariant bilinear metric. The hierarchy turns out to be bi-Hamiltonian, labeled by a nonnegative integer $k$, and defined through a suitable generalization of …
