打捞出迁徙学校的集体记忆
Fishing out collective memory of migratory schools
摘要：
动物形成群体的原因有很多，但与群体形成相关的成本和收益。其中一个好处是集体记忆。在移动的群体中，社会互动在凝聚力和做出共识决策的能力方面发挥着至关重要的作用。当从产卵区迁移到觅食区时，鱼群需要在数千公里外保留对目的地的集体记忆，群体形成或个体偏好的变化可能会导致迁移路径的突然变化。我们提出了一个建模框架，基于随机自适应网络，可以重现这种集体行为。我们假设有三个因素控制群体的形成和学校迁移行为：社会互动的强度，知情的个人的相对数量和每个人对特定迁移地区的偏好。我们独立地对待这些因素，并将个人的偏好与某些迁移地点的经验和记忆联系起来。我们证明，删除知识的个人或个人偏好的改变可以产生快速变化的群体形成和集体行为。例如，针对洄游鱼种及其偏爱的猎物的密集捕捞可使这两个期限缩短，使向目的地的洄游突然停止。因此，我们的建模框架所代表的概念方法可能能够解释鱼类洄游和空间分布的大规模变化。
英文摘要：
Animals form groups for many reasons but there are costs and benefit associated with group formation. One of the benefits is collective memory. In groups on the move, social interactions play a crucial role in the cohesion and the ability to make consensus decisions. When migrating from spawning to feeding areas fish schools need to retain a collective memory of the destination site over thousand of kilometers and changes in group formation or individual preference can produce sudden changes in migration pathways. We propose a modelling framework, based on stochastic adaptive networks, that can reproduce this collective behaviour. We assume that three factors control group formation and school migration behaviour: the intensity of social interaction, the relative number of informed individuals and the preference that each individual has for the particular migration area. We treat these factors independently and relate the individuals' preferences to the experience and memory for certain migration sites. We demonstrate that removal of knowledgable individuals or alteration of individual preference can produce rapid changes in group formation and collective behavior. For example, intensive fishing targeting the migratory species and also their preferred prey can reduce both terms to a point at which migration to the destination sites is suddenly stopped. The conceptual approaches represented by our modelling framework may therefore be able to explain large-scale changes in fish migration and spatial distribution.
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