天文折射对现代太阳天体测量的重要性
On the importance of astronomical refraction for modern Solar astrometric measurements
摘要：
本文详细研究了纯天文折射对地基全圆盘太阳计量测量的影响，并提供了测量改正和相关不确定度估计的工具。我们首先使用分析和数值方法，以测试通常或历史上使用的折射微分效应近似的有效性，是天顶距的函数对于一个给定的折射模型，我们提供了精确的公式来校正太阳半径测量在任何日光角和任何天顶距离。然后，使用2011年和2016年之间在近红外记录的太阳图像，我们表明，这些修正可以应用到$70°$使用通常的近似公式，并可以扩展到$80°$的天顶距离，提供了一个标准的大气模型和一个完整的数值积分的折射积分。我们还提供了与差分折射校正相关的绝对不确定性的估计，并表明近似公式可以用于计算这些不确定性的天顶距的$80°$。对于给定的仪器设置和与当地天气记录相关的不确定性的知识，这可以用来固定最大天顶距离，可以根据所需的天体测量精度进行观测。
英文摘要：
In this work we study in details the influence of pure astronomical refraction on solar metrologic measurements made from ground-based full disk imagery and provide the tools for correcting the measurements and estimating the associated uncertainties.For a given standard atmospheric model, we first use both analytical and numerical methods in order to test the validity of the commonly or historically used approximations of the differential effect of refraction as a function of zenith distance. For a given refraction model, we provide the exact formulae for correcting solar radius measurements at any heliographic angle and for any zenith distance. Then, using solar images recorded in the near infrared between 2011 and 2016, we show that these corrections can be applied up to $70°$ using the usual approximate formulae and can be extended up to $80°$ of zenith distance provided that a standard atmospheric model and a full numerical integration of the refraction integral are used. We also provide estimates of the absolute uncertainties associated with the differential refraction corrections and show that approximate formulae can be used up to $80°$ of zenith distance for computing these uncertainties. For a given instrumental setup and the knowledge of the uncertainties associated with local weather records, this can be used to fix the maximum zenith distance one can observe depending on the required astrometric accuracy.
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