TPZ：使用预测树和随机森林的光度红移PDF和辅助信息
TPZ : Photometric redshift PDFs and ancillary information by using prediction trees and random forests
摘要：
随着大型测光调查的增长，准确地估计测光红移，最好是作为概率密度函数（PDF），并充分理解在这个过程中隐含的系统不确定性变得越来越重要。在本文中，我们提出了一个新的，公开的，并行的机器学习算法，生成光度红移PDF使用预测树和随机森林技术，我们已命名为TPZ。这种新算法将测量误差纳入计算，同时还有效地处理数据中的缺失值。此外，我们对该算法的实现提供了关于正在分析的数据的补充信息，包括在不诉诸验证数据集的情况下对该技术的准确性的无偏估计，在光谱训练数据所占据的参数空间内识别较差的光度红移区域，量化用于构建PDF的变量的相对重要性，以及对异常值的鲁棒识别。这些额外的信息可以用来优化新的光谱观测，并提高红移估计的整体效率。我们已经测试了TPZ从SDSS的主要星系样本和从DEEP 2调查的星系样本，在每种情况下获得优异的结果。我们还通过参加PHAT 1项目测试了我们的实现，这是一个盲测光红移竞赛，发现TPZ的性能与其他经验测光红移算法相当。最后，我们讨论了控制TPZ操作的各种参数，这种方法的具体限制和光度红移PDF的应用。
英文摘要：
With the growth of large photometric surveys, accurately estimating photometric redshifts, preferably as a probability density function (PDF), and fully understanding the implicit systematic uncertainties in this process has become increasingly important. In this paper, we present a new, publicly available, parallel, machine learning algorithm that generates photometric redshift PDFs by using prediction trees and random forest techniques, which we have named TPZ. This new algorithm incorporates measurement errors into the calculation while also dealing efficiently with missing values in the data. In addition, our implementation of this algorithm provides supplementary information regarding the data being analyzed, including unbiased estimates of the accuracy of the technique without resorting to a validation data set, identification of poor photometric redshift areas within the parameter space occupied by the spectroscopic training data, a quantification of the relative importance of the variables used to construct the PDF, and a robust identification of outliers. This extra information can be used to optimally target new spectroscopic observations and to improve the overall efficacy of the redshift estimation. We have tested TPZ on galaxy samples drawn from the SDSS main galaxy sample and from the DEEP2 survey, obtaining excellent results in each case. We also have tested our implementation by participating in the PHAT1 project, which is a blind photometric redshift contest, finding that TPZ performs comparable to if not better than other empirical photometric redshift algorithms. Finally, we discuss the various parameters that control the operation of TPZ, the specific limitations of this approach and an application of photometric redshift PDFs.
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