欧椋鸟群中信息的超流传输
Superfluid transport of information in turning flocks of starlings
摘要：
生物系统中的集体决策需要群体中的所有个体经历状态的行为变化。在这种转变过程中，信息传输的效率是防止内聚损失和保持鲁棒性的关键因素。然而，自然群体实现这种效率的确切机制目前还没有完全了解。在这里，我们提出了一个实验研究的椋鸟群执行集体轮流在外地。我们发现，改变方向的信息传播整个羊群线性的时间可以忽略不计的衰减，从而保持组退相干到最低限度。这一结果与当前的集体运动理论形成对比，后者预测方向信息的传输速度较慢且耗散。我们提出了一个新的理论，其基石是存在的一个保守的自旋电流产生的规范对称性的系统。该理论在数学上与液氦中的超流输运相同，并解释了在转动的群中观察到的无耗散传播模式。超流性也为信息的传播速度提供了一种定量的表达，根据这种表达，群的取向有序性越强，传输速度就越快。这一预测得到了数据的验证。我们认为，强秩序和高效的决策所需的超流之间的联系可能是适应性的驱动器在许多生活群体中观察到的高度的行为极化。超流液体和旋转的群体之间的数学等价性是一个令人信服的证明，证明了对称性和守恒定律在不同自然系统中的深远影响。
英文摘要：
Collective decision-making in biological systems requires all individuals in the group to go through a behavioural change of state. During this transition, the efficiency of information transport is a key factor to prevent cohesion loss and preserve robustness. The precise mechanism by which natural groups achieve such efficiency, though, is currently not fully understood. Here, we present an experimental study of starling flocks performing collective turns in the field. We find that the information to change direction propagates across the flock linearly in time with negligible attenuation, hence keeping group decoherence to a minimum. This result contrasts with current theories of collective motion, which predict a slower and dissipative transport of directional information. We propose a novel theory whose cornerstone is the existence of a conserved spin current generated by the gauge symmetry of the system. The theory turns out to be mathematically identical to that of superfluid transport in liquid helium and it explains the dissipationless propagating mode observed in turning flocks. Superfluidity also provides a quantitative expression for the speed of propagation of the information, according to which transport must be swifter the stronger the group's orientational order. This prediction is verified by the data. We argue that the link between strong order and efficient decision-making required by superfluidity may be the adaptive drive for the high degree of behavioural polarization observed in many living groups. The mathematical equivalence between superfluid liquids and turning flocks is a compelling demonstration of the far-reaching consequences of symmetry and conservation laws across different natural systems.
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