The VIMOS Public Extragalactic Redshift Survey (VIPERS). Luminosity and stellar mass dependence of galaxy clustering at 0.5<z<1.1
F. Marulli, M. Bolzonella, E. Branchini, I. Davidzon, S. de la Torre, B. R. Granett, L. Guzzo, A. Iovino, L. Moscardini, A. Pollo, U. Abbas, C. Adami, S. Arnout… 展开作者
F. Marulli, M. Bolzonella, E. Branchini, I. Davidzon, S. de la Torre, B. R. Granett, L. Guzzo, A. Iovino, L. Moscardini, A. Pollo, U. Abbas, C. Adami, S. Arnouts, J. Bel, D. Bottini, A. Cappi, J. Coupon, O. Cucciati, G. De Lucia, A. Fritz, P. Franzetti, M. Fumana, B. Garilli, O. Ilbert, J. Krywult, V. Le Brun, O. Le Fevre, D. Maccagni, K. Malek, H. J. McCracken, L. Paioro, M. Polletta, H. Schlagenhaufer, M. Scodeggio, L. A. M. Tasca, R. Tojeiro, D. Vergani, A. Zanichelli, A. Burden, C. Di Porto, A. Marchetti, C. Marinoni, Y. Mellier, R. C. Nichol, J. A. Peacock, W. J. Percival, S. Phleps, M. Wolk, G. Zamorani
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17 pages, 10 figures, 4 tables. Accepted for publication in A&A
We investigate the dependence of galaxy clustering on luminosity and stellar mass in the redshift range 0.5<z<1.1, using the first ~55000 redshifts from the VIMOS Public Extragalactic Redshift Survey (VIPERS). We measured the redshift-space two-point correlation functions (2PCF), and the projected correlation function, in samples covering different ranges of B-band absolute magnitudes and stellar masses. We considered both threshold and binned galaxy samples, with median B-band absolute magnitudes -21.6<MB-5log(h)<-19.5 and median stellar masses 9.8<log(M*[Msun/h^2])<10.7. We assessed the real-space clustering in the data from the projected correlation function, which we model as a power law in the range 0.2<r_p[Mpc/h]<20. Finally, we estimated the galaxy bias as a function of luminosity, stellar mass, and redshift, assuming a flat LCDM model to derive the dark matter 2PCF. We provide the best-fit parameters of the power-law model assumed for the real-space 2PCF -- the correlation length and the slope -- as well as the linear bias parameter, as a function of the B-band absolute magnitude, stellar mass, and redshift. We confirm and provide the tightest constraints on the dependence of clustering on luminosity at 0.5<z<1.1. We prove the complexity of comparing the clustering dependence on stellar mass from samples that are originally flux-limited and discuss the possible origin of the observed discrepancies. Overall, our measurements provide stronger constraints on galaxy formation models, which are now required to match, in addition to local observations, the clustering evolution measured by VIPERS galaxies between z=0.5 and z=1.1 for a broad range of luminosities and stellar masses.
We release the spectra for the more than 57000 objects presented in the First VIPERS Data Release. For each object we distribute the observed, wavelength and flux calibrated spectrum, as well as cleaned spectra, where artifacts due to fringing are removed. We also provide the sky and noise spectrum and the 2D spectrum. Data can be downloaded from http://vipers.inaf.it.
The VIPERS galaxy survey has measured the clustering of $0.5<z<1.2$ galaxies, enabling a number of measurements of galaxy properties and cosmological redshift-space distortions (RSD). Because the measurements were made using one-pass of the VIMOS instrument on the Very Large Telescope (VLT), the galaxies observed only represent approximately 47\% of the parent target sample, with a distribution imprinted with the pattern of the VIMOS slitmask. Correcting for the effect on clustering has previously been achieved using an approximate approach developed using mock catalogues. Pairwise inverse pro…
Aims. Using the VIMOS Public Extragalactic Redshift Survey (VIPERS) we aim to jointly estimate the key parameters that describe the galaxy density field and its spatial correlations in redshift space. Methods. We use the Bayesian formalism to jointly reconstruct the redshift-space galaxy density field, power spectrum, galaxy bias and galaxy luminosity function given the observations and survey selection function. The high-dimensional posterior distribution is explored using the Wiener filter within a Gibbs sampler. We validate the analysis using simulated catalogues and apply it to VIPERS data…
We develop a Principal Component Analysis aimed at classifying a sub-set of 27,350 spectra of galaxies in the range 0.4 < z < 1.0 collected by the VIMOS Public Extragalactic Redshift Survey (VIPERS). We apply an iterative algorithm to simultaneously repair parts of spectra affected by noise and/or sky residuals, and reconstruct gaps due to rest-frame transformation, and obtain a set of orthogonal spectral templates that span the diversity of galaxy types. By taking the three most significant components, we find that we can describe the whole sample without contamination from noise. We produce …
We compare three methods to measure the count-in-cell probability density function of galaxies in a spectroscopic redshift survey. From this comparison we found that when the sampling is low (the average number of object per cell is around unity) it is necessary to use a parametric method to model the galaxy distribution. We used a set of mock catalogues of VIPERS, in order to verify if we were able to reconstruct the cell-count probability distribution once the observational strategy is applied. We find that in the simulated catalogues, the probability distribution of galaxies is better repre…
We identified voids in the completed VIMOS Public Extragalactic Redshift Survey (VIPERS), using an algorithm based on searching for empty spheres. We measured the cross-correlation between the centres of voids and the complete galaxy catalogue. The cross-correlation function exhibits a clear anisotropy in both VIPERS fields (W1 and W4), which is characteristic of linear redshift space distortions. By measuring the projected cross-correlation and then deprojecting it we are able to estimate the undistorted cross-correlation function. We propose that given a sufficiently well measured cross-corr…
The aim of this work is to develop a comprehensive method for classifying sources in large sky surveys and we apply the techniques to the VIMOS Public Extragalactic Redshift Survey (VIPERS). Using the optical (u*, g', r', i') and NIR data (z', Ks), we develop a classifier, based on broad-band photometry, for identifying stars, AGNs and galaxies improving the purity of the VIPERS sample. Support Vector Machine (SVM) supervised learning algorithms allow the automatic classification of objects into two or more classes based on a multidimensional parameter space. In this work, we tailored the SVM …
We present in this paper the general real- and redshift-space clustering properties of galaxies as measured in the first data release of the VIPERS survey. VIPERS is a large redshift survey designed to probe the distant Universe and its large-scale structure at 0.5 < z < 1.2. We describe in this analysis the global properties of the sample and discuss the survey completeness and associated corrections. This sample allows us to measure the galaxy clustering with an unprecedented accuracy at these redshifts. From the redshift-space distortions observed in the galaxy clustering pattern we provide…
[Abridged] Non-uniform sampling and gaps in sky coverage are common in galaxy redshift surveys, but these effects can degrade galaxy counts-in-cells and density estimates. We carry out a comparison of methods that aim to fill the gaps to correct for the systematic effects. Our study is motivated by the analysis of the VIMOS Extragalactic Redshift Survey (VIPERS), a flux-limited survey (i<22.5) based on one-pass observations with VIMOS, with gaps covering 25% of the surveyed area and a mean sampling rate of 35%. Our findings are applicable to other surveys with similar observing strategies. We …
We present the first Public Data Release (PDR-1) of the VIMOS Public Extragalactic Survey (VIPERS). It comprises 57 204 spectroscopic measurements together with all additional information necessary for optimal scientific exploitation of the data, in particular the associated photometric measurements and quantification of the photometric and survey completeness. VIPERS is an ESO Large Programme designed to build a spectroscopic sample of ' 100 000 galaxies with iAB < 22.5 and 0.5 < z < 1.5 with high sampling rate (~45%). The survey spectroscopic targets are selected from the CFHTLS-Wide five-ba…
We measure the evolution of the galaxy stellar mass function from z=1.3 to z=0.5 using the first 53,608 redshifts of the ongoing VIMOS Public Extragalactic Survey (VIPERS). We estimate the galaxy stellar mass function at several epochs discussing in detail the amount of cosmic variance affecting our estimate. We find that Poisson noise and cosmic variance of the galaxy mass function in the VIPERS survey are comparable with the statistical uncertainties of large surveys in the local universe. VIPERS data allow us to determine with unprecedented accuracy the high-mass tail of the galaxy stellar …
We use the final catalogue of the VIMOS Public Extragalactic Redshift Survey (VIPERS) to measure the power spectrum of the galaxy distribution at high redshift, presenting results that extend beyond $z=1$ for the first time. We apply an FFT technique to four independent sub-volumes comprising a total of $51,728$ galaxies at $0.6<z<1.1$ (out of the nearly $90,000$ included in the whole survey). We concentrate here on the shape of the direction-averaged power spectrum in redshift space, explaining the level of modelling of redshift-space anisotropies and the anisotropic survey window function th…
We describe the construction and general features of VIPERS, the VIMOS Public Extragalactic Redshift Survey. This `Large Programme' has been using the ESO VLT with the aim of building a spectroscopic sample of ~100,000 galaxies with i_{AB}<22.5 and 0.5<z<1.5. The survey covers a total area of ~24 deg^2 within the CFHTLS-Wide W1 and W4 fields. VIPERS is designed to address a broad range of problems in large-scale structure and galaxy evolution, thanks to a unique combination of volume (~ 5 x 10^7 h^{-3} Mpc^3) and sampling rate (~ 40%), comparable to state-of-the-art surveys of the local Univer…
We present measurements of the growth rate of cosmological structure from the modelling of the anisotropic galaxy clustering measured in the final data release of the VIPERS survey. The analysis is carried out in configuration space and based on measurements of the first two even multipole moments of the anisotropic galaxy auto-correlation function, in two redshift bins spanning the range $0.5 < z < 1.2$. We provide robust and cosmology-independent corrections for the VIPERS angular selection function, allowing recovery of the underlying clustering amplitude at the percent level down to the Mp…
The three-point correlation function (3PCF) is a powerful probe to investigate the clustering of matter in the Universe in a complementary way with respect to lower-order statistics, providing additional information with respect to the two-point correlation function and allowing us to shed light on biasing, nonlinear processes, and deviations from Gaussian statistics. In this paper, we analyse the first data release of the VIMOS Public Extragalactic Redshift Survey (VIPERS), determining the dependence of the three-point correlation function on luminosity and stellar mass at $z=[0.5,1.1]$. We e…
We present the first quantitative detection of large-scale filamentary structure at $z \simeq 0.7$ in the large cosmological volume probed by the VIMOS Public Extragalactic Redshift Survey (VIPERS). We use simulations to show the capability of VIPERS to recover robust topological features in the galaxy distribution, in particular the filamentary network. We then investigate how galaxies with different stellar masses and stellar activities are distributed around the filaments and find a significant segregation, with the most massive or quiescent galaxies being closer to the filament axis than l…
We use a sample of about 22,000 galaxies at $0.65<z<1.2$ from the VIPERS PDR-1 catalogue, to constrain the cosmological model through a measurement of the galaxy {\it clustering ratio} $η_{g,R}$. This statistic has favourable properties, being defined as the ratio of two quantities characterizing the smoothed density field in spheres of given radius $R$: the value of its correlation function on a multiple of this scale, $ξ(nR)$, and its variance $σ^2(R)$. For sufficiently large values of $R$, this is a universal number, capturing 2-point clustering information independently of the linear bias …
Identifying spurious reduction artefacts in galaxy spectra is a challenge for large surveys. We present an algorithm for identifying and repairing residual spurious features in sky-subtracted galaxy spectra with application to the VIPERS survey. The algorithm uses principal component analysis (PCA) applied to the galaxy spectra in the observed frame to identify sky line residuals imprinted at characteristic wavelengths. We further model the galaxy spectra in the rest-frame using PCA to estimate the most probable continuum in the corrupted spectral regions, which are then repaired. We apply the…
We investigate the higher-order correlation properties of the VIMOS Public Extragalactic Redshift Survey (VIPERS) to test the hierarchical scaling hypothesis at z~1 and the dependence on galaxy luminosity, stellar mass, and redshift. We also aim to assess deviations from the linearity of galaxy bias independently from a previously performed analysis of our survey (Di Porto et al. 2014). We have measured the count probability distribution function in cells of radii 3 < R < 10 Mpc/h, deriving $σ_{8g}$, the volume-averaged two-,three-,and four-point correlation functions and the normalized skewne…
We use the VIPERS final data release to investigate the performance of colour-selected populations of galaxies as tracers of linear large-scale motions. We empirically select volume-limited samples of blue and red galaxies as to minimise the systematic error on the estimate of the growth rate $fσ_8$ from the anisotropy of the two-point correlation function. To this end, rather than rigidly splitting the sample into two colour classes we define the red/blue fractional contribution of each object through a weight based on the $(U-V)$ colour distribution. Using mock surveys that are designed to r…
The VIMOS Public Extragalactic Redshift Survey (VIPERS) is an ongoing ESO Large Programme to map in detail the large-scale distribution of galaxies at 0.5 < z <1.2. With a combination of volume and sampling density that is unique for these redshifts, it focuses on measuring galaxy clustering and related cosmological quantities as part of the grand challenge of understanding the origin of cosmic acceleration. VIPERS has also been designed to guarantee a broader legacy, allowing detailed investigations of the properties and evolutionary trends of z~1 galaxies. The survey strategy exploits the sp…
The characterisation of cosmic voids gives unique information about the large-scale distribution of galaxies, their evolution and the cosmological model. We identify and characterise cosmic voids in the VIMOS Public Extragalactic Redshift Survey (VIPERS) at redshift 0.55 < z < 0.9. A new void search method is developed based upon the identification of empty spheres that fit between galaxies. The method can be used to characterise the cosmic voids despite the presence of complex survey boundaries and internal gaps. We investigate the impact of systematic observational effects and validate the m…
We carry out a joint analysis of redshift-space distortions and galaxy-galaxy lensing, with the aim of measuring the growth rate of structure; this is a key quantity for understanding the nature of gravity on cosmological scales and late-time cosmic acceleration. We make use of the final VIPERS redshift survey dataset, which maps a portion of the Universe at a redshift of $z \simeq 0.8$, and the lensing data from the CFHTLenS survey over the same area of the sky. We build a consistent theoretical model that combines non-linear galaxy biasing and redshift-space distortion models, and confront i…
We use the first release of the VImos Public Extragalactic Redshift Survey of galaxies (VIPERS) of ~50,000 objects to measure the biasing relation between galaxies and mass in the redshift range z=[0.5,1.1]. We estimate the 1-point distribution function [PDF] of VIPERS galaxies from counts in cells and, assuming a model for the mass PDF, we infer their mean bias relation. The reconstruction of the bias relation from PDFs is performed through a novel method that accounts for Poisson noise, redshift distortions, inhomogeneous sky coverage and other selection effects. With this procedure we const…
[Abridged] We use the final data of the VIMOS Public Extragalactic Redshift Survey (VIPERS) to investigate the effect of environment on the evolution of galaxies between $z=0.5$ and $z=0.9$. We characterise local environment in terms of the density contrast smoothed over a cylindrical kernel, the scale of which is defined by the distance to the $5^{th}$ nearest neighbour. We find that more massive galaxies tend to reside in higher-density environments over the full redshift range explored. Defining star-forming and passive galaxies through their (NUV$-r$) vs ($r-K$) colours, we then quantify t…
We calculated morphological parameters for 70821 galaxies from VIPERS (spectroscopic galaxy survey performed on VIMOS spectroscope at VLT). These parameters includes Gini, M20, Concentration, Asymmetry and Smoothness. Results correlate with the distribution of these parameters for other simulated and observed samples. We also studied dependence of these parameters with Sersic power index of radial distribution of surface brightness of galaxy image. Our aim was to find a clear separation of VIPERS galaxies on elliptical and spiral. This is necessary for testing the method of Sersic index (ns) c…
We explore the evolution of the Colour-Magnitude Relation (CMR) and Luminosity Function (LF) at 0.4<z<1.3 from the VIMOS Public Extragalactic Redshift Survey (VIPERS) using ~45,000 galaxies with precise spectroscopic redshifts down to i'_AB<22.5 over ~10.32 deg^2 in two fields. From z=0.5 to z=1.3 the LF and CMR are well defined for different galaxy populations and M^*_B evolves by ~1.04(1.09)+/-0.06(0.10) mag for the total (red) galaxy sample. We compare different criteria for selecting early-type galaxies (ETGs): (1) fixed cut in rest-frame (U-V) colours, (2) evolving cut in (U-V) colours, (…
We investigate how galaxies in VIPERS (the VIMOS Public Extragalactic Redshift Survey) inhabit the cosmological density field by examining the correlations across the observable parameter space of galaxy properties and clustering strength. The high-dimensional analysis is made manageable by the use of group-finding and regression tools. We find that the major trends in galaxy properties can be explained by a single parameter related to stellar mass. After subtracting this trend, residual correlations remain between galaxy properties and the local environment pointing to complex formation depen…
We use mock galaxy data from the VIMOS Public Extragalactic Redshift Survey (VIPERS) to test the performance of the Multi-Tracer Optimal Estimator (MTOE) of Abramo et al. as a tool to measure the monopoles of the power spectra of multiple tracers of the large-scale structure, $P^{(0)}_α(k)$. We show that MTOE provides more accurate measurements than the standard technique of Feldman, Kaiser & Peacock (FKP), independently of the tracer-selection strategy adopted, on both small and large scales. The largest improvements on individual $P^{(0)}_α(k)$ are obtained using a colour-magnitude selection…
Galaxy redshift surveys are designed to map cosmic structures in three dimensions for large-scale structure studies. Nevertheless, limitations due to sampling and the survey window are unavoidable and degrade the cosmological constraints. We present an analysis of the VIMOS Public Extragalactic Redshift Survey (VIPERS) over the redshift range $0.6 < z < 1$ that is optimised to extract the cosmological parameters while fully accounting for the complex survey geometry. We employ the Gibbs sampling algorithm to iteratively draw samples of the galaxy density field in redshift space, the galaxy bia…
We measure the real-space galaxy power spectrum on large scales at redshifts 0.5 to 1.2 using optical colour-selected samples from the CFHT Legacy Survey. With the redshift distributions measured with a preliminary ~14000 spectroscopic redshifts from the VIMOS Public Extragalactic Redshift Survey (VIPERS), we deproject the angular distribution and directly estimate the three-dimensional power spectrum. We use a maximum likelihood estimator that is optimal for a Gaussian random field giving well-defined window functions and error estimates. This measurement presents an initial look at the large…
We explore the accuracy of the clustering-based redshift estimation proposed by Ménard et al. (2013) when applied to VIPERS and CFHTLS real data. This method enables us to reconstruct redshift distributions from measurement of the angular clus- tering of objects using a set of secure spectroscopic redshifts. We use state of the art spectroscopic measurements with iAB < 22.5 from the VIMOS Public Extragalactic Redshift Survey (VIPERS) as reference population to infer the redshift distribution of galaxies from the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Legacy Survey (CFHTLS) T0007 release. VIPERS provid…
We describe the completed VIMOS VLT Deep Survey, and the final data release of 35016 galaxies and type-I AGN with measured spectroscopic redshifts up to redshift z~6.7, in areas 0.142 to 8.7 square degrees, and volumes from 0.5x10^6 to 2x10^7h^-3Mpc^3. We have selected samples of galaxies based solely on their i-band magnitude reaching i_{AB}=24.75. Spectra have been obtained with VIMOS on the ESO-VLT, integrating 0.75h, 4.5h and 18h for the Wide, Deep, and Ultra-Deep nested surveys. A total of 1263 galaxies have been re-observed independently within the VVDS, and from the VIPERS and MASSIV su…
We present the results of a wide spectroscopic survey aimed at detecting extragalactic globular clusters (GCs) in the core of the Fornax cluster. About 4500 low resolution spectra (from 4800 to 10000 Å) were observed in 25 VLT/VIMOS masks covering the central 1 deg$^{2}$ around the dominant galaxy NGC 1399 corresponding to $\sim$175 kpc galactocentric radius. We describe the methodology used for data reduction and data analysis. We found a total of 387 unique physical objects (372 GCs and 15 ultra compact dwarfs) in the field covered by our observations. Most of these objects are associated wi…
The extensive ground-based spectroscopy campaign from the VIMOS Ultra-Deep Survey (VUDS), and the deep multi-wavelength photometry in three very well observed extragalactic fields (ECDFS, COSMOS, VVDS), allow us to investigate physical properties of a large sample (~4000 galaxies) of spectroscopically confirmed faint (i_{AB}<~25 mag) star-forming galaxies, with and without Lyman alpha in emission, at z~2-6. The fraction of Lyman alpha emitters (LAEs; equivalent width (EW)=>20A) increases from ~10% at z~2 to ~40% at z~5-6, which is consistent with previous studies that employ higher Lyman alpha…
We investigate the [O\,II] emission line galaxy (ELG)-host halo connection via auto and cross correlations, and propose a concise and effective method to populate ELGs in dark matter halos without assuming a parameterized halo occupation distribution (HOD) model. Using the observational data from VIMOS Public Extragalactic Redshift Survey (VIPERS), we measure the auto and cross correlation functions between ELGs selected by [O\,II] luminosity and normal galaxies selected by stellar mass. Combining the stellar-halo mass relation (SHMR) derived for the normal galaxies and the fraction of ELGs ob…
The star-forming emission line galaxies (ELGs) with strong [OII] doublet are one of the main spectroscopic targets for the ongoing and upcoming fourth generation galaxy redshift surveys. In this work, we measure the [OII] luminosity $L_{\mathrm{[OII]}}$ and the near-ultraviolet band absolute magnitude $M_{\mathrm{NUV}}$ for a large sample of galaxies in the redshift range of $0.6\leq z <1.45$ from the Public Data Release 2 (PDR-2) of the VIMOS Public Extragalactic Redshift Survey (VIPERS). We aim to construct the intrinsic relationship between the $L_{\mathrm{[OII]}}$ and $M_{\mathrm{NUV}}$ th…
The calibration and validation of scientific analysis in simulations is a fundamental tool to ensure unbiased and robust results in observational cosmology. In particular, mock galaxy catalogs are a crucial resource to achieve these goals in the measurement of baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) in the clustering of galaxies. Here we present a set of 1952 galaxy mock catalogs designed to mimic the Dark Energy Survey (DES) Year 3 BAO sample over its full photometric redshift range $0.6<z_{\rm photo}<1.1$. The mocks are based upon 488 ICE-COLA fast $N$-body simulations of full-sky light cones and …
We present results from the largest contiguous narrow-band survey in the near-infrared. We have used WIRCam/CFHT and the lowOH2 filter (1.187$\pm$0.005 $μ$m) to survey ~10 deg$^2$ of contiguous extragalactic sky in the SA22 field. A total of ~6000 candidate emission-line galaxies are found. We use deep ugrizJK data to obtain robust photometric redshifts. We combine our data with the High-redshift Emission Line Survey (HiZELS), explore spectroscopic surveys (VVDS, VIPERS) and obtain our own spectroscopic follow-up with KMOS, FMOS and MOSFIRE to derive large samples of high-redshift emission-lin…