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arXiv 1303.0844astro-ph.HEastro-ph.CO
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伽马射线暴中的X射线吸收演化:星系际介质还是宿主星系的演化特征?

X-ray absorption evolution in Gamma-Ray Bursts: intergalactic medium or evolutionary signature of their host galaxies?

R. L. C. Starling, R. Willingale, N. R. Tanvir, A. E. Scott, K. Wiersema, P. T. O'Brien, A. J. Levan, G. C. Stewart

摘要:

伽马射线暴(GRB)的固有X射线辐射经常被我们自己的星系吸收,超过或超过柱密度。额外的成分通常被认为是由于吸收了位于GRB本身的宿主星系内的气体。氢的等效柱密度N(H,本征)(假设它在伽玛暴红移处)和红移z之间有明显的相关性,少数z>6的伽玛暴显示出最大的本征柱密度。我们调查的N(H,内禀)- z关系使用大样本的雨燕伽玛暴,以及活动星系核(AGN)和类星体的样本,特别注意的光谱能量分布的两个最高的红移伽玛暴。各种可能的样本偏差和系统,可能会产生这样的相关性被认为是,我们的结论是,相关性很可能是真实的。这可能表明宿主星系性质的演化效应,或者来自扩散星系际介质(IGM)或中间吸收云中沿视线的气体的贡献。采用一个比以前的工作更现实的IGM吸收模型,我们发现这可以解释在z>~3处观察到的不透明度,只要它不是太热,可能在10^5 K和10^6.5 K之间,并且适度富集金属,Z~0.2 Z_sun。因此,这种物质可能构成温暖的热星系际介质。然而,从介入的冷气体云的累积效应中也可以预计到相当的吸收水平,并且鉴于目前的不确定性,不可能说哪一个占主导地位。在较低的红移,我们得出结论,在宿主星系的气体必须是所观察到的X射线吸收的主要贡献者。

英文摘要:

The intrinsic X-ray emission of Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) is often found to be absorbed over and above the column density through our own galaxy. The extra component is usually assumed to be due to absorbing gas lying within the host galaxy of the GRB itself. There is an apparent correlation between the equivalent column density of hydrogen, N(H,intrinsic) (assuming it to be at the GRB redshift), and redshift, z, with the few z>6 GRBs showing the greatest intrinsic column densities. We investigate the N(H,intrinsic) - z relation using a large sample of Swift GRBs, as well as active galactic nuclei (AGN) and quasar samples, paying particular attention to the spectral energy distributions of the two highest redshift GRBs. Various possible sample biases and systematics that might produce such a correlation are considered, and we conclude that the correlation is very likely to be real. This may indicate either an evolutionary effect in the host galaxy properties, or a contribution from gas along the line-of-sight, in the diffuse intergalactic medium (IGM) or intervening absorbing clouds. Employing a more realistic model for IGM absorption than in previous works, we find that this may explain much of the observed opacity at z>~3 providing it is not too hot, likely between 10^5 K and 10^6.5 K, and moderately metal enriched, Z~0.2 Z_sun. This material could therefore constitute the Warm Hot Intergalactic Medium. However, a comparable level of absorption is also expected from the cumulative effect of intervening cold gas clouds, and given current uncertainties it is not possible to say which, if either, dominates. At lower redshifts, we conclude that gas in the host galaxies must be the dominant contributor to the observed X-ray absorption.

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