吉萨金字塔和相关结构的方向
The orientations of the Giza pyramids and associated structures
摘要：
自从弗林德斯·皮特里于1881年对吉萨高原进行了经纬仪测量，并提请注意三座巨大金字塔在四个主要方向上的定位的非凡精度以来，关于这一点是如何实现的以及为什么它很重要，有很多建议。令人惊讶的是，尽管在这130年中提出了许多天文学假设和推测，但很少有人试图重申或改进有关主要方向的基本调查数据。本文介绍了作者在2006年12月进行的为期一周的全站仪调查的结果，其主要目的是澄清有关三个大金字塔的每一边的方向的基本数据，并尽可能准确地确定尽可能多的相关结构的方向。这次调查与以往所有调查的主要区别在于，它侧重于沿多个直线和相对保存良好的结构段测量点序列，使用最佳拟合技术来提供其方向的最佳估计，而不是直接确定或外推角之间的简单三角测量。我们的研究结果表明，只有一个非常轻微的差异，在方向（c。0.5在胡夫金字塔和库福尔金字塔的南北轴线之间的角分），库福尔金字塔的侧面比胡夫金字塔的侧面更完美地垂直，并且东西轴线在两种情况下都更接近真正的基数。相关结构的更广泛背景表明，在许多情况下，与日出或（在一种情况下）日落相关的东西方向可能是一个甚至是关键因素。
英文摘要：
Ever since Flinders Petrie undertook a theodolite survey on the Giza plateau in 1881 and drew attention to the extraordinary degree of precision with which the three colossal pyramids are oriented upon the four cardinal directions, there have been a great many suggestions as to how this was achieved and why it was of importance. Surprisingly, given the many astronomical hypotheses and speculations that have been offered in the intervening 130 years, there have been remarkably few attempts to reaffirm or improve on the basic survey data concerning the primary orientations. This paper presents the results of a week-long Total Station survey undertaken by the authors during December 2006 whose principal aim was to clarify the basic data concerning the orientation of each side of the three large pyramids and to determine, as accurately as possible, the orientations of as many as possible of the associated structures. The principal difference between this and all previous surveys is that it focuses upon measurements of sequences of points along multiple straight and relatively well preserved structural segments, with best-fit techniques being used to provide the best estimate of their orientation, as opposed to simple triangulation between directly identified or extrapolated corners. Our results suggest that there is only a very slight difference in orientation (c. 0.5 arc minutes) between the north-south axes of Khufu's and Khafre's pyramids, that the sides of Khafre's are more perfectly perpendicular than those of Khufu's, and that the east-west axis is closer to true cardinality in both cases. The broader context of associated structures suggests that the east-west orientation in relation to sunrise or (in one case) sunset may have been a, or even the, key factor in many cases.
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